Automotive battery

The starter battery ( the motor vehicle: vehicle battery or car battery ) is a rechargeable battery, such as lead-acid battery supplies the electric power for the starter motor of an internal combustion engine, for example in motor vehicles, power generating plant or the gas turbine of an aircraft.

A battery serving as a power source for driving an electric vehicle such as electric vehicles or hybrid vehicles, is however rather referred to as a traction battery. In addition and to increase the reliability own these vehicles often also a starter battery to power its on-board network.

• 4.1 acid and heavy metal
• 4.2 Temperature dependence
• 4.3 sludge formation and grid corrosion
• 4.4 Overload
• 4.5 charging voltage and " gases "
• 4.6 Risk of explosion
• 4.7 fluid level and cleanliness
• 4.8 Insufficient charge
• 4.9 damage to property as

• 5.1 Low-maintenance, maintenance-free and MF batteries ( VRLA)

• 7.1 Starting current, CA
• 7.2 CCA, CCA
• 7.3 Warm starting current, HCA
• 7.4 reserve capacity, RCM / RC
• 7.5 Battery size, BCI and weight
• 7.6 Rated Voltage
• 7.7 Nominal Capacity 7.7.1 Examples of the capacity of the starter batteries

Requirements

Motor vehicles

Besides the task of cranking battery will supply at no or low-speed alternator ( = generator ) the electrical consumers in the car - a task that is becoming increasingly important in a growing number of comfort functions in a car. The alternator charges for running internal combustion engine, the starter battery back up.

Cranking an internal combustion engine by the electric starter motor requires a short time high current intensities of more than 100 up to 1000 amperes. The starter battery must be able to supply this product in winter at low temperatures. In addition, the electrical voltage during startup should not drop too much. Therefore, starter batteries, have a low internal electrical resistance.

Car and truck starter batteries differ in their capacity and thus also in weight and dimensions. In addition, in trucks, the voltage usually 24 instead of 12 volts, so that two identical series-connected 12 - volt batteries or special 24 -volt batteries are used with double the number of cells.

Aircraft

Compared with other battery technologies of lead-acid battery is very hard for the same storage capacity. For airplanes for starting piston engines or APUs therefore be as batteries ( decreasing) nickel - cadmium batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries increasingly, silver -zinc batteries and recently used lithium - ion batteries as starting batteries.

Construction

Starter batteries are series circuits of the most lead-acid battery cells, each having a rated voltage of 2.12 volts. In order to achieve a nominal voltage of 6 volts or 12 volts or 24 volts, therefore, require the series connection of three or six, or twelve such cells of a battery.

Lead starter batteries can be in liquid batteries (wet cells) and VRLA batteries divide ( nonwoven and gel ), depending on the consistency of the electrolyte.

Porsche to offer the first automobile manufacturer surcharge factory also has a lithium iron phosphate battery ( LiFePO4 ) as a starter battery. This relatively new type of battery is also available for motorcycles in the aftermarket sector.

Polarity and pole arrangement

Starter batteries are equipped with two poles. There is a positive pole (usually with a plus sign and in color red marked) and a negative pole (usually with a minus sign and marked in black or blue). The negative terminal is also referred to as the mass, as it is contacted with the vehicle body electrically. At the two poles of the starter battery, the battery terminals of the electrical system of a motor vehicle are connected. To avoid severe damage to the battery must be connected with the correct polarity. Therefore, the pole bolts have except the polarity marking different diameters ( minus: smaller diameter ). The correct polarity must be observed also in particular for a jump start ( parallel connection of a charged battery pack to a weak starter battery ): with reverse polarity will create a short circuit of both batteries. To prevent short circuits when disconnecting and connecting with tools against vehicle mass ( fire and burn hazard! ) For changing the battery, the negative terminal should always be first off and last connected. Moreover, the positive pole is insulating covered to prevent a short circuit in traffic accidents.

The pole arrangement describes the geometric location of the poles in the room, on which side of the starter battery are the respective poles. The pole arrangement is different depending on the model of the starter battery. The battery manufacturers depend on the requirements of the vehicle manufacturer. In Germany i.d.R. is Naming the pole arrangement applied a numerical scheme. For 12 -volt starter batteries shall:

• Pole arrangement 0 (PLUS = right / forward, MINUS = left / front)
• Pole arrangement 1 (PLUS = left / front, MINUS = right / front)
• 2 pole arrangement (PLUS = right / forward, MINUS = left / rear)
• 3 pole arrangement (PLUS = left / rear, MINUS = left / front)
• 4 pole arrangement (PLUS = left / front, MINUS = left / rear)

Problems and treatment options

Since starting batteries (2012 ) are still carried out mainly as lead-acid batteries, the following sections are, unless stated otherwise, especially to those embodiments.

Acid and heavy metal

The electrodes are made of lead or lead compounds and are therefore toxic, the 37 -percent sulfuric acid contained is highly corrosive. Therefore, when handling batteries with considerable caution. A cracked battery, eg in an accident, should be handled with appropriate precautions. Disposal also an undamaged battery is only allowed with a return on the dealer or the repair shop. Battery acid is immediately washed off with water.

Temperature dependence

The lower the starter battery is cooled, the higher is its internal resistance. Due to the increased resistance of the voltage drop increases under load, so that the same load is less usable capacity is available. Various systems are available commercially, in order to prevent cooling or to enable heating. Before entering the winter the starter battery should be checked whether the conductivity is still sufficient for starting in sub-zero temperatures. For wet cells can to be checked and corrected by means of an acid lift the acid density. If omitted the review, the end of the lifetime of a battery is usually reached in the winter because the necessary starter power, and thus the necessary higher current at the same time a higher voltage drop due to cold is vast and old, weak batteries, the energy in the summer even for was enough to start, lack energy to get through a long cold start. At minus 18 degrees is only about half the normal capacity. At the same time the engine oil is particularly tough and startup has been severely hampered by the cold. In extreme temperatures sometimes the battery is therefore removed and stored overnight or for longer periods in a heated room.

Sludge formation and grid corrosion

The constant charge and discharge in operation ensures a permanent chemical change of the pressed materials lead, lead dioxide and lead sulfate. This inevitably leads to a gradual easing of pressure. Something similar occurs due to vibrations while driving. The embedded substances precipitate and form a sediment ( lead sludge ). The increasing trickling out of the grid is to be equated with an increasing loss of capacity. This phenomenon is referred to in slang as siltation of the cells and causes the end of the life of a lead-acid batteries: At the bottom of starter batteries with liquid electrolyte wells are present, in which the "mud " collects some point but they are full and the sediment affect the cells. This causes a cell short of one or more cells. Then it is called the accumulator as " slipped together ." A defect can also occur suddenly when a battery is already silted jerky or not transported horizontally and is held up at an angle. Further, during the useful life occurs a progressive transformation of the positive lead grid in lead dioxide known as grid corrosion. This grid corrosion resulting from a certain threshold to interruptions of the current collectors and thus to cell failure.

Overload

Another problem is the overload of the battery. This was due to the up in the 1970s common electromechanical charge controller whose poor voltage regulation or unregulated or excessive charger. When loading all the lead sulfate is first converted back into lead and lead dioxide. When exceeding the cutoff voltage, the charging current continues to flow, while the lead of the grid is attacked. In this case, the grating is greater in addition to the formation of detonating gas and the strength of the pressed- material decreases.

Charging voltage and " gases "

The charge voltage should be at a temperature of 15 to 25 ° C for 12 V battery in the range of 13.8 to 14.4 Volt. The charging current in amperes If one -tenth of the battery capacity in ampere- hours of work ( e.g., 4 A at a battery with a capacity of 40 Ah), in order to achieve a long service life. For fast charging, the charging current should not exceed one third of the value of the capacitance. In motor vehicles, the alternator regulator regulates the charging voltage (about 14 volts), so it flows after the start depending on the state of discharge an often initially increased load current.

If the charging voltage above 2.4 volts per cell (at 12 -volt batteries are the total max. 14.4 volts), the grid corrosion, which makes itself by " gases " noticeable starts. This is also the reason that the battery can not be charged to full charge with high currents. A quick charger can recharge a discharged lead-acid battery very quickly, but only up to about 70 %, then it should be loaded with low charge currents to avoid grid corrosion. Chargers and also the automotive alternator regulators therefore have a voltage limit, the 14.4 volts and duration of loading ( emergency generators ) should not exceed 13.8 volts for short-term store.

A so-called trickle charge used as low current or a controlled voltage that the cell voltage of 2.3 volts ( 13.8 volts in 12-volt battery) is not exceeded.

Danger of explosion

When overload occurs on the " gassing " the starter battery. Gassing is the electrolytic decomposition of the water contained in the dilute sulfuric acid. This produces oxygen and hydrogen, which together form highly explosive gas. In the vicinity of batteries therefore are sparks, avoid open flames and hot or glowing objects.

Fluid level and cleanliness

Even with a maintenance-free battery should - are regularly checked the fluid level - if possible. The liquid should be about 10 mm are above the upper edge of the plate. At current, absolutely maintenance-free batteries, the vent caps without tools or destruction can not be removed. The test is therefore limited to a purely external visual inspection of the liquid level through the often milchigtrübe housing material and a check of the voltage drop under a defined load. If the battery still has screw and the internal visual inspection itself can be carried out are, especially just after a ride to determine on the plates adhering gas bubbles. It is considered a sign that water is decomposed and thus lost. No longer covered the liquid level, the plates decreases the capacity of the battery, and the dry zone takes a not irreversible damage. Apparently, the solution to the problem is simple: it would only have the charging voltage can be reduced, then the battery would not charge until the gases. Reducing the charging voltage, even if only by one tenth volt, but leads to a non- fully charged battery with glaring disadvantages on other side. The cells must be sealed with the original cell closure. It is necessary to work very clean, since dirt of the electrolyte make it electrically conductive and there is an increased self-discharge. To refill the operational wastage only demineralized water or distilled water must be used.

At low charge

Far more often than these errors is too low charge the battery. Even when not using the vehicle, the battery discharges to a certain degree even, since a certain part of the electrical installation is permanently under tension and thus small consumers ( clock, alarm ) and leakage currents have a steady discharge result.

Also, in winter, when the performance of the batteries is already limited by lower temperatures, often additional consumers ( seat and disc heating, frequent driving with the lights, and others) used. This can cause the alternator can not fully recharge the starter battery in operation.

Damage to property as

If a vehicle is not used for a long time, a state of damage is possible by a self- discharged battery. This lead sulfate is formed on both plates. First, it appears as the starting materials in powder form, but are tiny crystals. These have a large surface area, which allows a fast response to load. But you have the unpleasant property that they grow together. If the battery is resting for long periods with low voltage, large and hard crystals form. These have one hand a relatively small surface area, which is synonymous with lower capacity, and on the other hand almost impossible to destroy by cargo. This means a major loss of capacity. One speaks in this case of " coarsely crystalline sulfation ". You will eventually lead to total failure of the battery. In an increasingly well- charged battery so emphasis should be placed. In particular, in seasonally used vehicles like two-wheelers, campers, motor boats, snowmobiles, etc., the problems are following longer periods already certain predictable.

The specialized trade is often opposed by a guarantee or warranty for use-related errors such as " versulfatierte batteries ", what usually causes the customers incomprehension. Usually the warranty to one year, or a season (not during the winter ) reduced from the outset. The rules of statutory warranties are characterized but not overridden.

On the market there are various devices to prevent a coarsely crystalline sulfation. Usually a large-capacitance capacitor is repeatedly charged, casts a powerful surge in discharge. Because that happens several times a minute, is a - prevent the coalescence of the crystals charging current - albeit very small.

During extended periods of vehicle, it is always advisable to disconnect the negative battery terminal, or if possible to connect a trickle charger. This is a charger with a very small charging current ( about 50 to 100 mA), with possible limited to 14.4 volts. This current compensates for the self-discharge, without causing any damage. Such devices are also solar powered. The battery should not even be disconnected.

Maintenance, servicing and testing

• Before the winter was to take place at a wet control the liquid level (or electrolyte ). If it is too low, the battery with demineralized water must be filled up to the mark. In recent years, absolutely maintenance-free batteries have prevailed, the cells are no longer open and the electrolyte thus can not be refilled. These batteries are designed so that the decomposition of the electrolyte is minimized in hydrogen and oxygen. Unclean water, this includes in this case, management and mineral water, the battery in a short time would be rendered unserviceable ( corrosion of the electrodes). Bad working voltage regulator of the alternator favor the decomposition of the water, requiring more maintenance of the battery.
• Check the controller by a specialist workshop on charging voltage and charging current. The charging voltage must be at least 13.8 volts and should not exceed 14.4 volts. At too high a charging voltage also to be maintenance-free batteries quickly lose too much water, which negatively affects their life. If the voltage is lower, the battery may not be fully charged, the following startup operations more difficult and shortens its life.
• Battery chargers should work in the upper load range with about 14.4 volts, and the charging current should be at most a tenth of the capacity of the battery divided by 1h amount in unregulated chargers. In deeply discharged battery to 70 percent of full charge to fast-charge with high currents is possible, but may also help the voltage does not amount to more than 14.4 volts.
• After charging the battery should be inspected. It should be noted that this density battery at full charge. Commercially different systems are available. Thus, the acid density by hydrometer (also called spindle or hydrometer ) are determined alternatively by refractometer.

As an example, the most common density of 1.28 g / cm ³ accepted at full charge: When fully discharged, the density has decreased to 1.06 g / cm ³, at 1.20 g / cm ³ it is only half loaded. Those who work with such a hydrometer, get a good overview of the state of charge, but must open the cells and aspirate a sample of the electrolyte. This is recommended only with adequate experience.

Another possibility is to measure the battery voltage at rest ( resting tension ). This does not require disassembly is required. Most devices are simply clamped on to the starter battery. It should be noted that this measurement can be performed only when the battery has calmed down, that is, about 2 hours after the last charge / drive / discharge. The quiet battery shows full charge at a voltage of 12.65 volts. The voltage should not drop below 12.53 volts, which is about 85 % of full charge. At 12.24 volts, the battery is half charged at 11.89 volts it is almost discharged. If they still continue to be discharged, it can reach only a portion of their original capacity, but with subsequent full charge.

The process yields only a halfway usable indication if the battery has not become high impedance. A high-impedance battery recognized by the fact that it is loading very fast, " full" (ie assuming no current ), the voltage but immediately collapses, even with removal of small streams again. If the starter battery, however, still in order, it should also be easily and without changing the voltage collapses too strong for a few seconds, which is about three times their Nennkapazität/1h can supply to power.

Starter batteries should not (several months) are left without charge for long periods. Must be a battery but once a long time, it should be fully charged before. Older starting batteries have a higher self-discharge, there is also the stand of the battery without recharging an increased risk of damaging sulfation. Too long standing therefore harm the battery. The voltage of 12 volt lead-acid battery should not fall below 11.8 volts.

Also helpful is a so-called trickle charging with a low current, which compensates only the self-discharge when not planning.

The charging voltage should be about 15 to 25 ° C in the range from 14.2 to 14.4 volts. The charging current should be at most one-tenth to one-fifth of Batteriekapazität/1h and not exceed one third of the value of Kapazität/1h even with rapid charge unregulated chargers. Wherein the voltage-controlled chargers limiting the charging current is not required.

The gassing voltage is about 14.4 volts and should not be exceeded, especially when loading maintenance-free starter batteries.

The terminal voltage shortly after the completion of the charge just a fully charged starter battery will quickly fall off the first charge voltage to about 13.2 volts, and from then on slow down to about 12.7 volts.

Another problem that can lead to the discharge of the starter battery, are current. Leakage currents can occur when the surface of the battery or the terminals are soiled (eg due to environmental influences such as dirt and moisture).

Corroded connections lead to increased contact resistance and affect the start-up behavior negatively. They also prevent the alternator can charge the battery fully. It should be ensured that the connections clean and the contact surfaces are firmly connected to the poles of the battery. Protection against corrosion also offers the use of terminal grease.

Low-maintenance, maintenance-free and MF batteries ( VRLA)

A battery is " maintenance " if the calculated total water consumption after 42 days is a maximum of 16 g / Ah of rated capacity. Low-maintenance batteries are usually used only for replacement needs of older vehicles.

A battery is referred to as " maintenance-free " when under normal circumstances, no distilled water must be refilled ( see table below).

For several years, are maintenance free, sealed MF batteries, so-called VRLA batteries on the market, they have all but displaced the classic lead-acid battery with the colored plugs on the top and the side plugged vent hose. " MF " means " maintenance free ", in German " maintenance-free ". But this promise is deceptive, because every now and then the battery must be removed and charged. Then it remains more than just two or three years full of high usage. A battery may be six or seven years old with good care. The " maintenance-free " thus refers mainly to the fact that no distilled water needs to be refilled because of her little disappears.

The VRLA batteries are batteries with solid electrolyte. The cell sealing plugs can not unscrew itself. The resulting when overloading hydrogen and oxygen gases are converted back into water within each cell. In the inaccessible sealing plugs are degassing valves that allow for a targeted pressure gas discharge in the central degassing.

Advantage: Maintenance-free, because the checking and topping up of the electrolyte (sulfuric acid ) is omitted. Smaller and lighter design

Disadvantage: If too much store the excess gas through a vent valve is leaking. Since these amounts of liquid can not be replaced, a sustained damage to the battery is possible. In addition, is located under the lid on the safety valve, a ceramic filter, which serves as protection against ignition or explosion.

Supplementary note: The central degassing the gas at a defined point from the battery comes out. Using a Entgasungsschlauches the derivation of the gas can be made specifically to a non-critical side, eg away from ignition live parts. Depending on the installation, the battery can degas pluspolseitig or minuspolseitig. The backfire: The backfire is made of a porous plastic disk, the so-called frit. The frit is located in front of the opening of the central gas. If exiting from the vent gases ignited from the outside, to prevent the Beat Into the flame into the interior of the battery, the frit.

Safety

• Remove when charging with battery charger sealing plug, prevent sparking (non- smoking ). Danger of explosion because oxyhydrogen produced.
• Children away from batteries.
• Battery acid is highly corrosive, so wear goggles, acid resistant apron and gloves.
• Do not tip because acid can escape through the vents.
• Acid splashes into the eyes immediately rinse well with cold water and then consult a doctor immediately.
• Accumulators can depending on the type provide significant short-circuit currents, which can not only cause damage or destruction of the batteries but also to property and personal injury. Occurs when working on the battery terminals of the starter battery short circuit by a tool or piece of jewelry ( metallic watchband or ring ) that this can be red hot in seconds and produce burns or metal splashes. Therefore, the rule is that the ground connection (cathode, indicated by a " -") at one end and is always last to join.

Abbreviations and Terms

Starting current, CA

The starting current is the maximum current which, at 0 ° C (32 ° F) can provide for a duration of 30 seconds, the battery in which each individual cell still has a voltage of 1.2 volts.

The English term for start current is cranking amps ( English), from which the acronym derives CA.

This information is also known as MCA (short for engl. Marine cranking amps ).

CCA, CCA

The CCA indicates the maximum current that the (0 ° F) may provide for a period of 30 seconds, the battery at -18 ° C. In this case, each individual cell is still a voltage of 1.2 volts ( according to American standard SAE). According to the German Institute for Standardization ( DIN), the total voltage should be still 9 volts after 30 seconds.

The English term for CCA is cold cranking amps (English ), of which the abbreviation is derived from CCA.

The CCA of car starter batteries usually between 200 and 850 A, with the most frequently used batteries are 360-680 A. Truck starter batteries have higher cold cranking amps thickness between 500 and 1200 A.

Example:

A 12 volt battery with 300 CCA should provide a cold start current of 300 amperes for at least 30 seconds, with the voltage to 7.2 volts minimum may drop. (6 cells at 1.2 V)

The CCA is also known as CCA.

Hot start current, HCA

Hot start current ( HCA) is the maximum power output in amperes at a temperature of 26.7 ° C (80 ° F ) and a time period of 30 seconds. The voltage per cell of the battery, the total voltage 7.2 volts, it must not fall below 1.2 volts, so do not fall below.

The English term for hot start current is hot cranking amps (English ), of which the abbreviation is derived from HCA.

Reserve capacity, RCM / RC

The reserve capacity indicates the amount of charge that can make a battery with a load of 25 amps to the discharge voltage of 10.5 volts. This value corresponds to the actual capacity of the battery. He can, especially in old batteries, differ significantly from the nominal capacity. By using modern measurement methods ( electrochemical impedance spectroscopy " EIS " ), it is possible to determine the reserve capacity relatively accurate.

Battery size, weight and BCI

Due to the variety of vehicles with internal combustion engine, there are a large number of different technical specifications for starter batteries. The most common forms are car and truck starter batteries. The Battery Council International ( BCI) defines many sets of standard battery sizes. The relevant standard for automotive batteries in Europe is the European Norm (EN ) 50342 ( " Lead-Acid Starter Batteries "). The EN - 50342-2 ( " Dimensions and Marking of 12V Batteries " ) defines, among others, the outer dimensions of car batteries and EN - 50342-4 ( "Dimensions of Batteries for Heavy Vehicles" ) for trucks

The maximum dimensions for a car (H × W × L) 190 mm × 175 mm × 393 mm and 240 mm × 273 mm × 518 mm for trucks are accessible for the former six cells in series with the poles on the long side and two rows of three cells with the poles on the short side for the latter. Since the weight depends on the amount of lead used, the weights of car and truck batteries differ greatly: it ranges from 10 kg to 30 kg for passenger cars and 35 kg to 65 kg for trucks

Rated voltage

The actual voltage of the electrical system of motor vehicles while driving is higher than the nominal voltage of the battery, as this should be loaded while driving. The charging voltage is temperature dependent. You should at 12 -volt batteries are at 14.4 volts ( ground and contexts see above). However, the rated voltage of the battery is typically given as a voltage of the vehicle electrical system. For cars are usually 12 volts, 24 volts were in trucks, in older cars ( eg older VW beetles ) and some motorcycles even 6 volts are common.

Rated capacity

The indication of the capacity Q is carried out in the unit ampere-hours (Ah) for being here, for example, 20 hours discharge time T at 27 ° C (K20 ). A fully charged starter battery with a specified nominal capacity Q = 36 Ah can then at 27 ° C for 20 hours, an average current of I = 1.8A supply. : Thus average current I = Q / T, where - with the formula Q = I · T follows with a given capacity and a given time of the - at slightly decreasing voltage is also decreasing

If an electrical load is clamped to the battery, the maximum possible time results with:

With:

At higher current, lower temperature or advanced aging of the starter battery actual capacity is lower than the rated capacity.

During a discharge at the same current intensity, the speed at which drops the voltage of the starter battery changes. The mean value of the voltage during the discharge time, which would allow the calculation of energy or work in the unit watt-hour (Wh ) is not specified.

Examples of the capacity of the starter batteries

• Scooter 50 cc: 4 to 14 Ah ( 12/6 V)
• Motorcycle: 6 to 19 Ah ( 12/6 V)
• Small car: 36 Ah ( 12 V)
• Cars ( compact class ): 28 to 50 Ah ( 12 V)
• Cars ( middle class ): 40 to 70 Ah (12 V)
• Cars ( upper class ): 55 up to 120 Ah (12 V) and more ( 12 V, 24 V)
• Trucks (up to 7.5 t): 175 Ah and more ( 12 V, 24 V)
• Trucks ( 7.5 tons ): up to 225 Ah ( 24 V)

The capacity required depends on several criteria. The number and arrangement of cylinders is critical. Single cylinder engines require compared to multi-cylinder engines higher battery capacity, as they require a high torque for cranking for lack of an opponent. The presence of an opponent affects up to eight and Zwölfzylindermoteren. So, for example, had the model 500 SE ( W126 ) Mercedes in a standard 55 Ah battery.

The torque of a motor is determined by the numerical value of the displacement, but also by the configuration of the cylinder - determined - short stroke or long-stroke engine. Langhuber have a higher torque than short stroke. That's why need short stroke compared to long Hubern a lower starting power and therefore only a lower battery capacity. Diesel engines require because of their higher compression generally a higher starting current than similarly sized petrol or gas engines. Also strong electric consumer influence the capacity required, since the starter battery acts as a buffer at a low engine speed and high light usage. Some vehicle manufacturers therefore provide vehicles with air conditioning as standard with a stronger starter battery.

The capacity of starter batteries is often a by- product that results from the required cold cranking amps. A high current output requires a large plate surface. This in turn results in a high capacity. Mainly that action results, in comparison, high battery capacity for diesel engines ( with otherwise identical equipment). Practical experience shows that a high-current battery (previously falsely gel batteries properly but AGM batteries from manufacturers such as Optima, Northstar, Exide etc. ) despite lower nominal capacity ( 55 Ah, original 70 Ah) a diesel vehicle in spite of pre-discharge by a heater will start fine for years, even for short journeys. The "smaller" battery supplies through a special cell structure significantly more current than a conventional starter battery ( 870 A to 630 A).

Redemption law for starter batteries in Germany

After since December 1, 2009 came into force battery law ( BattG ) ( " Act Governing the Sale, Return and Environmentally Sound Disposal of batteries and accumulators ") consists in Germany according to § 10 a mandatory deposit for car batteries:

• " ( 1) distributors who deliver vehicle batteries to end users, are required per vehicle battery to charge a deposit in the amount of 7.50 Euro including VAT if the end user at the time of purchasing a new vehicle battery does not return a vehicle battery return. The deposit is to be refunded upon return of a vehicle used battery. The distributor can issue a token in the deposit collection and make the deposit shall be returned to the token -dependent. "
• " The deposit requirement (2) If built-in vehicle batteries from or passed in vehicles to the end user, are not necessary. "

By 1 December 2009 here was the § 6 of the Battery Directive ( BattV ).

Return regulation for automotive batteries in Austria

According to § 12, which entered into force 26 December 2008 batteries (Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management on waste prevention, collection and treatment of waste batteries and accumulators ) can return the final consumer, in Austria the automotive batteries at least free of charge. Return facilities are the final distributor of automotive batteries in place by the manufacturer collection and recovery systems and assembly centers of municipalities ( associations of municipalities). As part of the shipping trade of the final distributor is obliged at least two publicly accessible points per political district to set up and enter the opening times to the end consumer in an appropriate manner.

Environment

Under the Basel Convention, a used car battery is considered as hazardous waste. A danger to health and environment is the recycling of such used batteries in developing countries, is recovered in the lead by hand.