Axiology

The philosophical axiology (Greek axion = value; Also: value philosophy, Timo Fallot, theory of value, theory of value ) is the general theory of values. As a philosophical area it originated in the 19th century. Their representatives - eg Oskar Kraus - find their question already in the ethics of the Greek philosophers before, although one of the most influential representatives of the philosophy of value, Max Scheler, has developed his theory in explicit contrast to the goods ethics. As the founder of value philosophy applies, inter alia, Hermann Lotze. In general usage, the value concept is penetrated by the width effect of intensive discussions at the turn of the 20th century and by the reception of Friedrich Nietzsche's works, in which the term often. The term " axiology " goes back to Eduard von Hartmann, the first in 1887 used the expression in his philosophy of beauty.

History and theories

Historically, the value of philosophy goes back to the adoption of the value of the concept of political economy; Immanuel Kant about is the talk of the " absolute value " of goodwill such a metaphorical adoption of the national economic value concept represents a significant role is played by the concept of value already in the ethics of Jakob Friedrich Fries, but Lotze was the starting point of the subsequent value philosophies. Since the 1890s, the concept of value through the direct Lotze Reception George Santayana and the other in the United States is common and so is the same for the term " value" in English-speaking countries played a major role especially in moral philosophy late work of John Dewey, everyday language usages were as in German-speaking areas.

Lotze took an objective value philosophy, and values ​​its own mode: the application. Subjective theories are, however, of the value judgment as the basis of the value of: The judgmental person makes between his scale ( scale value ) and an object a relationship here, which represents the value of the thing. Based on the value scale a feeling of pleasure through gratification, the result is a psychological theory of value. If values ​​conceded only relative meaning and validity, this leads to value relativism as a special form of relativism.

The most prominent value theories of the 19th and 20th century were:

• The neo-Kantianism of the Baden School of Heinrich Rickert and Wilhelm diaper band, who attribute a transcendental status, the values ​​and grant them the mode of Geltens which should be distinguished from the mode of the ( empirical ) being. The values ​​form their own realm and have absolute validity, but do not exist in the mode of being.

• The philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, which defines the worldview as a result of evaluations as " physiological demands for the preservation of a certain kind of life " and values. This appreciation comes in the will to power to express. It therefore calls for a revaluation of all values ​​.

• The Austrian value philosophy of Franz Brentano and his pupils Christian honor of Rock, Edmund Husserl and Alexius Meinong

• The neo-vitalism of Eduard von Hartmann

• British intuitionism of George Edward Moore, Hastings Rashdall (1858-1924) and William David Ross

• The pragmatism of William James, John Dewey, and Clarence Irving Lewis

• Subsequent to the early phenomenology of Husserl 's phenomenology philosophy of value, the value of Max Scheler and Nicolai Hartmann. Scheler refers to the esteem: This is expressed in the intuitive ones ( as an expression of the valuable ) or hate ( as an expression of the value adverse ) of a thing before their meaning was explored intellectually. The values ​​themselves form a realm of substantive qualities ( Scheler ), which is independent of being.

• And the New Realism of Ralph Barton Perry ( 1876-1957 ).

Diaper band explained the philosophy of value for a critical science of universal values ​​. In this they differed from the exact sciences, explore and systematize what natural laws and special phenomena. The philosophy of value fancy the actual center of philosophy.

The mathematically exact value of science was at the heart of the Robert S. Hartman. By the axiom of value developed by him science was able to build regardless of different moral and ethical values ​​of an exact science of values.

The theory of value as a comprehensive philosophical approach, as he has been trained by Lotze, Hartmann and from the southwest German neo-Kantianism, among other things, was criticized by Martin Heidegger. Today it is no longer represented as a philosophical theory, although in the law (such as in the influential school of Rudolf Smend ) still has followers and also the analysis of the value judgment quite yet is a special topic of analytic philosophy. Some representatives of the philosophy of value was the value philosophy of the 19th and early 20th century, however, as the foundation of the other philosophical disciplines, as they laid claim as the basis for other areas such as logic, ethics, epistemology, philosophy of law, philosophy of culture, religion, philosophy, social philosophy, to serve political philosophy, economics and aesthetics.

Terms

If two values ​​in conflict and let them not be realized both without jeopardizing a thus saith the axiology of a Wertantinomie. Today's everyday and not philosophical -technical language (legal, sociological, ... ) use the concept of value, which corresponds to no philosophically elaborated modern value theory has led to numerous compositions: The arising from conflicting values ​​conflicts in moral decline (Elisabeth Noelle - Neumann ) loss of values ​​( Rupert Lay ) or values ​​synthesis ( Helmut Klages ) result (see also: changing values ​​and value proposition ). Value blindness refers to the lack of feeling for certain values.