Babrak Karmal
Babrak Karmal ( Pashto and Persian ببرک کارمل ), actually Sultan Hashem ( born January 6, 1929 in Kamari, a village east of Kabul, † 1 or 3 December 1996 in Moscow), an Afghan politician who, during the used Soviet intervention, 1979-1986, third President of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was.
Life
After the conclusion of the German Nejat High School in Kabul Karmal began in 1947 at Kabul University to study law. There he was first introduced to the political activities of Communists in touch. Karmal quickly rose to be the leader of the democratic student movement " Awakened Youth " on.
Because regime subversive activities Karmal was arrested mid-1950s, but came free in 1956 and got a job in the Afghan Ministry of Planning. 1957 Karmal formed under the code name " Marid " a communist platform. From it, he and the writer Nur Muhammad Taraki and 29 other comrades on 1 January 1965 the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan ( PDPA ). 1965 and 1969 Karmal was elected for four-year parliament.
1967 broke the PDPA into two factions, the Khalq faction and the Parcham faction, apart. Karmal became chairman of the moderate Parcham faction. Despite the opposition of the party Karmal in 1977 reunited. Following a coup d'état on 27 April 1978, the PDPA rose under the leadership of Taraki to the ruling party. Karmal was appointed Deputy Prime Minister. When the Khalq faction won intraparty power struggles for himself, all Parcham members were dismissed in July 1978 from the government of the country, Karmal was sent as ambassador to Prague. In August 1978, he was expelled along with five other Parcham members for high treason from the PDPA and ordered back to Afghanistan. This statement he opposed.
The PDPA tried to modernize Afghanistan to socialist ideas, but could it not, to stabilize the country. During the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, the Soviet Union Karmal brought back and put him on December 27, 1979 after the assassination of President Hafizullah Amin as the new one. Karmal's reign was marked by battles with the rebel Mujahideen.
Following the appointment of Mikhail Gorbachev as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Soviet Union changed its policy in Afghanistan. Because of the high losses, which called for the occupation, the Soviet Union began with the preparation of the trigger of their troops. For the desired understanding with the leaders of the Mujahideen of the politically charged Karmal was seen as an obstacle.
On May 4, 1986 Karmal was replaced as General Secretary of the PDPA by Mohammed Najibullah. Six months later, on 21 November 1986, he was replaced by Najibullah as President of the country.
Karmal went to Moscow. In mid-1991, he returned to Afghanistan. His involvement in the overthrow Najibullah on 15 April 1992 is not released. Under the protection of General Dostum himself Karmal held for a while in the northern Afghan city of Mazar -e Sharif, but then went to Dushanbe. He died of a liver ailment at the age of 67 years. His body was burned.
Publications
- Interview in the magazine "Der Spiegel" with Babrak Karmal about the Soviet invasion. ( in " Der Spiegel", No. 14/ 1980)
- Interview in the magazine "Der Spiegel" with Babrak Karmal about his country and the Russians. ( in " Der Spiegel", No 27/ 1980)
- Address by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan at the Tenth Congress of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany. ( in: . minutes of the negotiations of the Tenth Congress of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany Volume II Dietz Verlag Berlin [ DDR ] 1981)
- Interview in the magazine "Der Spiegel" with Babrak Karmal on the situation in his country and relations with Bonn. ( in " Der Spiegel", No 45/ 1985)
- Interview in the magazine "Der Spiegel" with Babrak Karmal. ( in " Der Spiegel", No. 38/ 1991)