Barque

The bark is a sailing ship type with at least three masts, carrying square sails on the front masts, on the last pole on the other hand gaff sail. The barque was widespread in the second half of the 19th century as high sea freight ship.

Compared to the at all poles with square sails rigged ships had the full Bark a significantly more favorable ratio between sail area and thus speed on the one hand and the need for safe operation size of the crew on the other.

Etymology

The term "Bark " shall appoint a three-master. One Bark at a greater number of poles is called the number of poles corresponding to four-masted barque or five-masted. A two-masted schooner variant is referred to as contrast or Brigantine. Not to be confused is the Bark in the boat, especially as the plural of both words is the same.

Construction

In the Bark called the masts, from front to aft: foremast, mainmast, and mizzen mast last. The four-masted barque has the mizzen mast in third position. In the five-masted, there are different systems:

• Foremast, mainmast, center mast, mizzen, mizzen mast; ( for example in the usual København )
• Foremast, mainmast, center mast, aft mast, mizzen mast; ( for example in the usual Potosi ).

Some naval authors say in Potosi, a cargo-carrying sailing ship of F. Laeisz, the term Laeisz - mast for the fourth mast was in use. Barges with more than five masts did not exist, but rather schooner barges.

Development of the four-masted barques

There were approximately 440 Viermastrahsegler in the world merchant fleet of which were registered around 130 full- ships at Lloyds. The majority of these were performed as a four masted barques from the beginning, as Lloyds did not differ until 1887, generally between the two four-masted Besegelungsarten. 40 to 50 four-masted drove to the end as four-masted full-rigged ships, the remaining 390-400 were four-masted barques, either from the outset or as reconstructed full-rigged ships. Eight of them were made of wood and drove initially exception under U.S. or Canadian Flag

The first ship with the rig of a four-masted barque was launched on July 28, 1824 at the shipyard of Charles Wood in Anse -du -Fort (Île d' Orléans ) in the Canadian province of Quebec from the stack. That in the name of Columbus baptized, 3,690 gross register tons (GRT ) large ship was a rough timbered ( engl. log ship = " timber ship " or " log ship" ), not kalfatertes timber ship, which decomposed upon arrival and how the cargo ( 6,300 tons) as timber should be sold. Contrary to initial plans, it was ordered back to Canada and was lost. It has now been built ( 5,250 GRT) and sent to Europe in 1825 with the Baron of Renfrew another much larger copy. It ran aground in the English Channel and broke. The next example of a four-masted barque was the Great Republic, a Klipperbark of not previously reached 4,555 tons. In addition to a small wooden four-masted barque from France, the only wooden ship of this type in Europe until the 1860s several steamers were converted into four-masted barques. Until 1874 was again a wooden construction of a four-masted barque, the Ocean King. In the years that followed were initially iron four-masted full-rigged ships, the first iron four-masted barque Tweedsdale built in 1877. She was the smallest ever built unit with this rig ( 1,460 GRT). The first iron and steel ships came first exception of the British, mostly Scottish shipyards. Record holder is Russell & Co. in Port Glasgow and Greenock (Scotland). 1882 the first iron ships of this size in Germany were built. The ship size increased from initially less than 2,000 GRT to 3,000 GRT. So all of them were built for Reederei F. Laeisz four-masted barques over 3,000 grt, up to the first two of just under 3,000 GRT. The largest specimens of the type Viermastbark were Brilliant ( 3765 GRT, 1901) and Daylight ( 3,756 GRT, 1902). The former went as Perkeo for F. Laeisz.

Well-known representative of the type of ship "Bark "

• Barque Gorch Fock ( I), built in 1933, sailing school ship, with her ​​sister ships Eagle, ex Horst Wessel, built in 1936, now sail training ship of the United States Coast Guard
• Sagres, ex Albert Leo Schlageter, built in 1937, now sail training ship of the Portuguese Navy
• Mircea, sailing school ship of the Romanian Navy, built in 1938
• Gorch Fock ( II), built in 1958, sail training ship of the German Navy, the home port: Kiel

• Viermastbark Krusenstern, built in 1926 as a freight -moving training ship Padua, Flying P -Liner, since 1945 the Soviet Union, from 1991, Russian Federation, port of Kaliningrad
• Pamir, Flying P -Liner, 1957 capsized in a hurricane in the North Atlantic
• Passat, Flying P -Liner, port of Travemünde, today a museum ship
• Beijing, Flying P -Liner, museum ship at the South Street Seaport in New York
• Pomerania, Flying P -Liner, a museum ship in Mariehamn
• Sedov (Russian СЕДОВ ), 1921 as Magdalene Vinnen II built in 1945 Soviet Union, from 1991, Russian Federation, Port of registry: Murmansk
• Sea Cloud, built in 1931 at the Krupp Germania Werft, Kiel, for Marjorie Merriweather Post as private ocean yacht ( wedding gift ) under the name Hussar II.

• Five-masted ( there were only six ships of this type ) France, 3,784 GRT, 1890 in Glasgow for A.-D. Bordes & Fils built, first five-masted, 1901 decreased
• Maria Rickmers, 3,822 GRT, Auxiliarbark, 1891/92 in Russell & Co. in Glasgow, built, lost on the maiden journey home
• R. C. Rickmers, 5,548 GRT, Auxiliarbark, built in 1906, 1917 sunk under the British flag
• France, 5,633 grt, built in 1911, 1922 stranded
• København, 3,901 grt, built in 1921, Danish Auxiliarsegelschulschiff, disappeared after December 22, 1928

Designation of rigging a Bark

1 pre- Royalstag 2 VorBramstag, outer jib - head 3 big jib head, Bütenklüverleiter 4 Internal jib head 5 Vorstengestag 6 forestay 6 ' Klüverwasserstag, bobstay 7 Stampfstockgeien 8 dolphin striker 9 Klüverstampfstag 10 Klüverdomper 11 jib horses 12 Bugsprietpardune 13 Außenklüverpardune 14 bowsprit 15 Large jib boom 16 Foreign Klüverbaum 17 anchor Krahn 18 Capstan 19 fire tower for the lanterns 20 Ankerkatt 21 Geer of Krahnes 22 Klüse 23 stem 24 The Bug 25 Boat 26 Logis, baking 27 Dompfer the Brass trees 28 afterguys dei Brass trees 29 foremast 30 Fockwant 31 turnbuckles 32 Pardun on the mast 33 Püttingswant 34 Before Mars 35 Hanger of Fockrah 36 Rack of Fockrah 37 Fockrah 38 horses 39 jumping horses 40 Nockpferde 41 Foktoppenanten 42 topmast 43 Stengepüttingswant 44 Püttingsband 45 pre- Bramsahling 46 boom 47 mast cap 48 Stengewant 49 pre- topgallant 50 pre - Bramgut 50 lobster, saturated Lung 51 pre- Oberbramstenge 52 pre- Oberbramgut 52 lobster, saturated Lung 53 Topp 54 flag button 55 pre- Untermarsrah

56 pre- Obermarsrah 57 pre- Mars topping musicians 58 pre- Bramrah 59 pre- Bramtoppenanten 60 pre- Oberbramrah 61 Before Oberbramtoppenanten 62 carrier before Untermarsrah 63 pre- Oberbrambrassen 64 pre- Brambrassenschenklen 65 pre- Brambrassen 66 recuperator pre- Obermarsberg bream 67 Before Obermarsbrassenschenklen 68 Klapläufer the pre- Upper Mars bream Recuperator 69 before the sub- Mars bream Brassenschenklen 70 pre- sub Mars 71 Klapläufer the pre- sub- Mars bream 72 Fockbrassenschenklen 73 Bottom Fockbrassenschenklen 74 Fockbrassen 75 pre- Stengepardunen 76 pre- Brampardunen Backstays 77 pre- Oberbram 78 Spreizlatte, spreader bar 79 Great Want 80 mainmast 81 Großrack 82 Hanger for the main yard 83 Great Püttingswant 84 Great Mars 85 screws on Stengewant 86 carrier before Great Untermarsrah 87 Topp of mainmast 88 wholesale Stengewant 89 wholesale Untermarsrack 90 great- topmast 91 Püttingsband 92 topmast - Püttingswant 93 Brass blocks 94 wholesale Bramsahling 95 - topmast the mast 96 wholesale topgallant 97 wholesale Bramgut and lobster, saturated Lung 98 wholesale Oberbramstenge 99 wholesale Oberbramgut and lobster, saturated Lung 100 Topp the Oberbramstenge 101 wholesale flag button 102 wholesale Oberbramtoppenanten 103 wholesale Oberbramrah 104 wholesale Bramtoppenanten 105 wholesale Bramrah 106 wholesale Obermarsberg topping musicians 107 wholesale Obermarsrah 108 wholesale Untermarsrah 109 large - topping musicians 110 mainyard 111 mainstay 112 wholesale Stengestag

113 wholesale Bramstag 114 wholesale Oberbramstag 115 wholesale Toppardun 116 wholesale Stengepardunen 117 wholesale Brampardunen 118 wholesale Oberbrampardunen 119 wholesale Oberbrambrassen 120 wholesale Brambrassenschenklen 121 wholesale Brambrassen 122 recuperator to large Obermarsberg bream 123 wholesale Obermarsbrassenschenklen 124 wholesale Obermarsberg bream 125 recuperator of large sub- Mars bream 126 wholesale sub Mars bream schenklen 127 wholesale sub Mars bream Schenklen 128 wholesale bream 129 Lowest wholesale Brassenschenkle 130 large - bream 131 Besanstag 132 Mizzen Stengestag 133 Mizzen Bramstag 134 Besanwant 135 Besanmast 136 Püttingsband 137 Mizzen Püttingswant 138 Mizzen Mars, mizzen Sahling 139 mizzen mast cap 140 mizzen topmast 141 Mizzen Stengewant 142 Brass blocks 143 Stengegut and lobster, saturated Lung 144 mizzen topgallant 145 Bramgut and lobster, saturated Lung 146 Flag Topp 147 Mizzen flag button 148 Mizzen Brampardune 149 Mizzen Stengepardunen 150 Piek case 151 Hahnepoot of the peak case 152 Flag Canvas 153 Geeren- Schenklen 154 Geeren 155 Besangaffel 156 Besanklau 157 mizzen boom topping lift 158 Besanbaum 159 Gooseneck of Besanbaums 160 Besanschot 161 Besanstoßtaljen 162 railing 163 Bootdavits 164 Bootklampen 165 lifeboat 166 Bootstaljen 167 Davits Zwischenholer 168 Davits afterguys 169 davits - recuperator