Big Rip

The Big Rip is in cosmology next to the Big Crunch and the Big Chill ( eternal expansion, also known as the Big Freeze or Big Whimper refers to ) a third hypothetical end of the universe. The scenario of the Big Rip is based on an ever more increasing and finally drastic rise in new development area, so that all objects are moving away from each other faster and no longer able to interact. This final " tearing " is referred to as "pop", because it is believed that the rate of space creation at a certain point diverges explosively. The explosion takes place " into the room ".

Models

According to the model of Robert Caldwell ( Dartmouth College, New Hampshire) from the year 2003, a continuous expansion of the universe would not last forever in itself may, but could be unstable and degenerate into a Big Rip. This model assumes that the hypothetical dark energy is responsible for the creation of space and all matter accelerates progressive. Your reaction force of gravity can only hold together the structures, as long as it exceeds the effect of dark energy. The more dark energy is created, the weaker the influence of conventional masses.

The authors of this model by the following formula for the period from now until the time of explosive divergence:

It is

• A measure of the strength of expansion due to the dark energy; in the work is an example with an ultimate.
• The Hubble constant
• The reduced value for the current density of matter in the universe.

The causes of the expansion of space, however, are not understood until today. Whether this scenario can occur depends on

This limit can, for example, be set by the density of dark energy, which generates the expansion of space, provided they also thins with. The Big Rip could therefore run as a temporary- inflationary phase, the back forms back into a conventional Raumausdehung so that smaller mass -bearing structures such as stars, planets or atoms are not " torn ".

The possible time for such a " Endknall " was first simply extrapolated exponentially and predicts in 22 billion years. This consideration was the observation of the most distant supernovae with the Hubble Space Telescope in 2001. Initially These data suggested the assumption that the expansion rate of the universe had been slower in the past and therefore accelerating. Cause of the acceleration is the increasing phantom energy density - the most bizarre form of dark energy. Their density can grow in a finite time beyond measure.

More recent measurements of the Hubble Space Telescope ( Riess et al. 2004 and 2006), however, show that dark energy is not varied on the observed cosmological distances. This leads to the conclusion that this energy - if at all - only changes very slowly. The Big Rip is now assumed rather in the period between 30 and 50 billion years in the future. Compared to the time periods, for the entropic heat death of the universe ( Big Chill ) is estimated to be, but this is in the near future in which enough conventional matter, stars and galaxies will still be present in order to accommodate witnesses and potential observers.

Not likely assumptions are that such disruptive events could occur locally, because the universe on large scales is homogeneous and thus also the leading to the emergence of new space processes should run evenly everywhere. Assuming that dark energy (or their exotic special forms ) is responsible for the expansion of space, the explosion could, however, in areas where the conditions for the emergence of dark energy were favorable, rather start, remain limited to or for the time being not to the rest of the universe overlap. It is conceivable that initially only individual galaxies or clusters of galaxies are affected. Wherever they are located, would be " more space " contained as expected geometric, that is, the extent of these areas would be smaller than their diameter times π.

Because light quantum one explosively newly forming local space faster than the speed of light pass through and therefore can not leave locally running rep would not be directly observable. But If the phenomenon is not unlimited quickly propagates in the environment and can escape light, such an event could be observed under certain circumstances by the redshift. In rapid, continuous decrease in the density and increasing internal diameter no more gravitational waves would of these areas can expect.

Alternatives

The Big Crunch is valid according to the latest data as rather unlikely scenario. Whether ultimately one of the theories regarding the eternally unaccelerated expansion ( Big Chill ) or rather the Big Rip will make the race for the future of our universe, can not yet be estimated accurately enough.

The difference between the Big Rip and Big Chill is that initially remain compact at the Big Chill the cosmic masses and turn into a very long, but finite time in radiation. Depending on extrapolation, it is estimated that at age 10150-101000 years of the final heat death occurs, ie all protons decay and any radiation is as far thinned that a false vacuum at 0 K is present. The Big Rip would bring about this state in a much shorter time and abruptly and tear also combined particles with infinitely large half-life that may exist and then hypothetically occur sporadically in an ever expanding universe. Probably would also supermassive objects such as quasars or even larger cosmic black holes, which could last for between 1040-10100 years in Big Chill, immediately disappeared in a Big Rip.