Bookbinding

As book binding is defined as the last operation of bookmaking after completion of printing. It covers all the steps from organizing and assembling the pages or documents a book to providing the book block with a cover and the subsequent decoration.

Bookbinding also referred to the manual processing of an existing book, see tying.

• 3.1 sheet processing 3.1.1 bow
• 3.1.2 Folding the sheet
• 3.1.3 Vorrichten the arc

History

While books to bind to the 19th century, a purely craft activity was (hand cover), today a majority of the production is made in industrial series production (publishing cover). The basic processes are indeed remained the same, however, in their design, they differ substantially from each other. The artisanal bookbinder performs all steps in turn and used for only a few hand-operated equipment, the cover itself so completely self- made ​​artistic design often comes from the bookbinder. In manufaktur like organized bookbinders in the 19th century a division of labor was made. Individual steps were mechanized. With the advent of the steam Bookbinding in the 19th century, the division of labor and mechanization increased. In the industrial production of books from the mid-19th century, most steps of machines are carried out step by step. Only then longer runs are made ​​possible at all. The artistic design is done by a graphic artist. The bookbinder is often only responsible for the operation and the smooth running of a single working step.

Procedure for craft bookbinding

Sheet processing

Leveling and beating

Until the mid-19th century had printed sheets are first glued afterwards as the printer used mainly unsized or only slightly sized papers that recorded the color better. Sizing cared but for better durability of the finished book and protected the pages from humidity, so it was a bookbinder, catch this omission. But the sheets were first drawn by the so-called Planierwasser, a hot solution of animal glue and added alum ( aluminum potassium sulfate dodecahydrate ) to be dried on Roßhaarschnüren in the air. After the beating followed - the smoothing of the papers by means of a heavy hammer. In order not to damage the arches, direction and execution of the strokes were accurately prescribed. These two operations accounted for, as asserted itself the sizing of the paper in bulk.

Folding the sheet and re- beating

The next step ( or the first in modern bookbinding ) is the signature folding, ie folding according to the pagination. Previously, the youngest apprentice was mostly responsible, since it is a simple job that can be done without much effort. With the so-called bone folder while the folds are down sharply deleted. In order to achieve a uniform block thickness, used to be a re hitting the papers before the Vorrichten. During the 19th century, but was replaced in most hand bookbinding by pressing or rolling. However, this was never the same sharpness in the result reached as to manual processing.

Preliminary work at Neueinband

In today's Handbuchbinderei it often happens that books are not for the first time, but because of corruption or the desire of the owner for a higher quality cover to be re- bound. In this case, are the release of the book block from the cover and the separation of the stitching in the first place. Then glue residue must be removed and the sheets are nachgefalzt following if necessary. The other steps then correspond to those of the original binding.

Vorrichten the arc

Before stapling have any additions, especially earlier maps, tables or stitches, are glued to the intended locations. In addition, the joining of the resolutions belongs to the first and last sheet, which is referred to in the art as annexes to the Vorrichtarbeiten. The easiest intent consists of a double sheet of the size of the documents to be fixed with an additional strip of paper, the so-called Ansetzfalz. But there are a variety of other attachment types, which are all designed differently and are appended.

Book block formation

If not already done earlier, must be collected immediately before tying the individual layers in the correct order at the latest. This process is called collation. The verification of the correct sorting and completeness have been serving the industrial production of books flapping brands.

When stapling the individual layers using the stitching thread are connected to the book block. This is done up to now in hand bookbinding by tacking on finished fabric bands or with the aid of a mechanical stapler using gauze. Books with simple raised frets are stapled with the stapler tray, which was the common practice until the late 18th century and was gradually replaced by sawing Grisons is in favor of a simplified stapling operation. Today, however, is usually stapled in the artisanal production of books on tapes, only at bibliophile books engages you in some cases back to the stitching with raised bands. Gets the bookbinder, however loose sheets for tying it applies the adhesive bond. The modern industrial stapling procedure is called thread sealing.

Book Block Processing - Ableimen, cropping, rounds, pressing and backlining

To achieve a continuous connection of the sheet in the back and to prevent displacement of the outer layers, the spine is first abgeleimt after stapling. For this glue is applied thinly with a brush and then rubbed with the hammer peen or a bone folder in the spaces between the layers. As an alternative, used today for modern books also dispersion adhesive, hot melt adhesive ( hot-melt ) or adhesives based on polyurethane (PUR ) for Ableimen. For historical or otherwise valuable volumes only adhesives are used in vegetable or animal origin in order to prevent adverse chemical and mechanical long-term effects. After drying, the book block is trimmed, that is placed all three pages to the same final format. This happened earlier with the trimming planing, but today also taken in hand bookbinding of smaller, manually operated and often electrically driven cutting machines. In demanding the binding work or head alignment takes place only after rounding and backing.

The next step is the rounding of the book block on the back. For this was ( and is still in smaller companies ) placed the book block on a firm surface and beaten into the desired rounding with the hammer. Larger companies sometimes work with back rounding machine. To bring the created by the stitching pitch in the fold into a stable version, the book block is then pressed off. For this he is sandwiched between two boards and the slightly protruding over beaten back carefully over the board edges. There is a distinction between the pressing on flat (45 ° ) and the, necessary for the cover with attached lids, deep (90 °) fold. The final steps of the book block machining are the background sticking the stapled spine and the attachment of the tail bands. Depending on the weight of the book for the background sticking Molton, gauze or even tear-resistant paper is being used. In the Middle Ages and the early modern period, however, often came Pergamentmakulatur used.

Decorate the book cuts

The possibilities were the cut ornament and are varied. Depending on the era and region, the sections were round or only on one side, one color or multicolored, marbled, speckled or provided with metal sections. They could also be additionally patterned or stippled consuming. Also painted sections and other rarer types of decoration were possible. While still in the 19th century, the three-sided ornament was common in well-appointed books, even when Verlagseinbänden, today it is generally only, if at all, the color section at the top of the book.

The attachment of the capital

The capitals at the head and foot of the spine had to avoid to the Middle Ages into the function of reinforcing the book block addition and tearing of the layers. They were created as part of the stitch at the point where the stitching thread passed from one layer to the other. From the 14th century they went on to design the decorative capital, by sewing up with different colored ribbons or braiding with colored leather straps. Since the introduction of Fitzbundes it had only a decorative function, was stung by a separate parchment or leather strips and glued to the back. From 1700 to today's standard woven headbands started to develop, which only need to be cut and also glued to the book block.

Production and placement of the book cover the scheduled band

For the next band which is made directly on the book block, have been or are first the frets fixed depending on Ansetzart on the covers - either solid, glued or bonded together by an additional Ansetzfalz. After cutting and further processing steps may be necessary to the reference material, such as soaking, sharpening and thinning of the leather, followed by obtaining. The tailored coating material, the so-called benefits are, to spread with paste, eventually mounted a spine insert, and pulled around directly inside the terminal to the book cover. The overhanging edges are wrapped and glued. The handle in the production of a half- band is only slightly different from that of the full band. Here it is at first only the back, which is based, followed the covers, which are usually wrapped in paper and any decorations on the front edges or cover corners.

The final step is the Anpappen, the connection between intentions and book covers. A distinction is made between the ordinary Anpappen in which the resolutions coated with gum, slammed the book and then pressed, and the open Anpappen in which the being smeared resolutions drawn to the lid open, be rubbed in the fold and then dry out in the open state.

Production and placement of the book cover in the ceiling tape

The ceiling band, he is often applied in the range of bookbinding, especially in Bibliothekseinbänden. For all elements of the binding cover, the covers of a book, the spine insert and the cover material by hand first cut. Subsequently, the benefit is also lubricates here with adhesive, and the three shape-providing elements are glued to each other centrally in the distance between the folding width on the plane surface. Supernatant material is wrapped and bonded. The link to the book block then done by the so-called hanging. For the stuck on the back of the book block paper sleeve is first pasted and accurately set to the appropriate ceiling back, folded around the cover board and slammed the book. Often eliminates the paper sleeve and the connection between the book cover and book block is done by gluing the rabbets of intent. The following is a press of the book and the connection of Anpappblattes by intent or gluing a paper mirror with the book cover inside pages by adhesive. The last step now is to re- pressing of the book and drying of these areas.

Ornament of the book cover

The design of the book cover happens when the next band before the Anpappen, the ceiling tape before hanging. The history of the book cover ornament knows countless variations and forms of jewelry, each have their own manufacturing techniques. The most common decorations in the European cultural area but have always been the blind embossing and gilding.

Procedure for industrial bookbinding

Sheet processing

Arc

The printed sheets are either Rotabogen that were printed in gravure or web offset press, or as flat sheets (up to 16 pages 4) be delivered. Broadsheets must be cut and folded thereafter first. Rotabogen are already folded. Four-sided envelopes for stapled and perfect-bound catalogs are an exception. When the adhesive binding the envelope is plano (ie unfolded) processed. When saddlestitching there is a specific investor where the plano -cut envelope is folded directly into the machine.

Fold the sheet

The next step is the folding of the sheets. The nature of the arrangement of the pages to one another due to the folding system, and thus also the folding machine. Differences will include the Kreuzbruchfalzung, is folded alternately at right angles at all, and the parallel fold, which again splits into winding and accordion fold. However, these variants can be combined with each other so that many different ways of folding an arc can occur. Directly after folding is followed by the pressing of the sheet bundle in the so-called pressing to achieve the desired density and strength of the final product.

Vorrichten the arc

If the finished book supplements such as illustrations or cards came on higher quality paper, they must now also be inserted in the industrial production of hand to the right place. In addition, the resolutions in this step are using Vorsatzanklebeautomaten with a front and tail end connected.

Book block formation

In this step, the folded sheets are first - or with thinner brochures also be placed in the correct order into each other. The interleaving and the subsequent step, the stitching, done in this case, usually in a single machine, the single wire stitching machine. The mere gathering of larger expenditure but is a separate step, which may be both a machine and manually. An important task that must be done in parallel to the steps mentioned so far, is collating, performing a visual inspection. Because errors in the order of the arc is not rare, the accuracy of the performed collating as well as the completeness of the arc must be continuously checked. Depending on how the final product is to be designed, the book block is then connected mechanically by wire or thread stitching or perfect binding.

In automatic saddle stitching is often tacked on gauze. If multiple threads are used, these are connected by nodes or with the help of thread sealing together at the spine ( Dutch ) are.

Book Block Processing

The book block is processing according to the type of stitch or glue binding together of several elements. These include the back gluing of the book block, which serves as an additional attachment of folded sheets in the back, the three-sided trimming to which the section dyeing can connect, then, if desired, the rounds of the block and the rear gluing the back with gauze or Fälzelmaterial, the capital and the sleeve. These steps can be both separately carried out in individual steps, which exists for each operation a separate machine, as well as in block processing systems that combine the steps.

Production of the cover board

The binding cover is made with soft envelopes from a continuous piece of elastic cardboard or fabric in hardcover volumes, however, in four parts, the two covers, the back insert and the cover fabric. The materials and operation depend on the intended quality of the final product. First, the required parts are cut, with the size according to the dimensions of the book block and the nature of the subsequent connection establishes. The assembly the finished book cover is done separately. If the mount, that is the joining of the book cover and book block, made ​​later by hand and is a hunchback before, the spine insert must also be rounded manually at this point.

Book cover ornament

After mounting, the decoration of the book cover is done by the various forms of coinage, as blind embossing, embossing or hot foil stamping ( which includes the machine Gilding counts ) by color or screen printing or rarer forms of decoration such as inlays or sticking of illustrations.

Connection of book block and cover

The final step in the industrial production of books is the mounting of the book block into the separately -made book cover. This can be done on the inside of the book cover, wherein the adhesive method, however, clearly dominated both by adhering to the intentions of the book cover as well by inserting the block into appropriate bags. In some cases, the block is adhered not only to the book cover, but also on the back. Is a sleeve exists, it provides the connection between the spine and the book cover. Depending on the number of copies, format and scope of the work, the type and design of the book cover and the Einhängeverfahren, shackling is done either manually or Book casing. This is followed by a final pressing. For a large part of the hardcover volumes nor the fold is burned beyond, the recessed line between spine insert and cover boards, which acts as a hinge for a better opening.

Put on

Reasons for the change of an already existing book cover and book block can be:

• Repair or replace a defective book cover and book block
• Replacement of a simple book cover by a fine binding
• Replacing a soft book cover of a paperback with a hard cover, for example Bibliothekseinbänden
• Standardize the appearance of a library, for example in Baroque libraries
• Summary of several works in one volume ( convolute )
• Improve the handling, for example, ring binding in sheet music books

The removal of a book cover from the book block is referred to as bonding.