Bourges

  • For the French politician Yves Yvon Bourges Bourges see.
  • For the French author Elemír Bourges (1852-1925) see Elemír Bourges.

Bourges [ buʁʒ ] is a town with 66 602 inhabitants (as of January 1, 2011 ) in France. It is the capital of the department of Cher in the Centre region and the seat of an archbishopric.

Geography

The town lies at the mouth of the river Auron in the Yèvre, as well as the abandoned Canal de Berry, just a few kilometers from the theoretical center of France.

History

Bourges led in ancient Latin name Avaricum (or Avariko in Celtic ), who from that of the river Avara (now Yèvre ) is likely derived. It was the capital of the Celtic tribe of Bituriges and one of the largest cities in the whole of Gaul; its inhabitants to have amounted to 40,000. It was in a protected location in the vicinity of rivers and swamps. Here Caesar conquered in 52 BC against the rebellious Gauls under Vercingetorix in the Battle of Avaricum. It was conquered, looted and burned after a lengthy siege. The city then rebuilt (which later - in the 4th century AD - Biturigae called), now first belonged to the Roman province of Gallia Celtica, later the province of Gallia Aquitania and acted since Emperor Diocletian as the central location of the province of Aquitania fine. A consecration inscription for the Gallo- Roman god Mogetius was discovered. Since the year 478 to the kingdom of the Visigoths belonging, Bourges 507 went into possession of the Franks, and now came to Chlodomer, later to King Guntram 583 I. Bourges was of Chilperic I. commander Desiderius conquered and almost completely burnt.

Rebuilt under the Carolingians, Bourges was the 8th century county seat of Bourges (or later Vice- county). 1101 pledged Eudes Herpin the Vice County of King Philip I of France. As a result, Bourges was part of the French royal domain. From the 14th century it was the capital of the Duchy of Berry. Among the six in the years 1031, 1225, 1276, 1286, 1336 and 1438 to Bourges, held church meetings that was from 1438, which was held under the chairmanship of King Charles VII, very important result of the decision here so-called Pragmatic Sanction of the Gallican Church.

1412 took place in Bourges, a comparison between King Charles VI. and the Duke John the Fearless of Burgundy instead. Charles VII gave in the time of his distress before 1429 in Bourges often yard. Founded in 1464 Louis XI. here, the University of Bourges. 1528 here spoke in a council against Luther and the Reformation. During the Wars of Religion conquered in 1562 Montgomery Bourges for the Huguenots, but it had the Duke of Guise again clear. Later, it came to the side of the Catholic League, but submitted to the 1594 King Henry IV

The Spanish pretender Don Carlos stayed after his flight from Spain from September 1839 to August 1845 in Bourges on and signed on May 18, 1845, the deed of abdication in favor of his son, Carlos Luis, Prince of Asturias. From March 7 to April 2, 1849 Bourges was the scene of the great state trial of the accused in the assassination attempt of May of 1848, including Louis -Auguste Blanqui, Louis Blanc, Armand Barbès, Albert L' Ouvrier and François -Vincent Raspail.

Culture

The House of Culture in Bourges was officially opened by André Malraux, the then Minister of State for Culture on 18 April 1964. It is one of the first of its kind in France. Also located in Bourges International Institute of Electroacoustic Music ( IMEB ) and the Academy of Music and Dance. Every year findes the Printemps de Bourges Music Festival in the spring in Bourges instead.

Attractions

  • The important gothic Cathedral of Saint Etienne (built 1195-1255 ) since 1992 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. St. Etienne is a five-aisled basilica without transept with double ambulatory. Unique are the stained glass from the 13th century and the innovative vault design. Importance are also the portals of the west facade.
  • Jacques-Coeur palace, gothic residence for the Minister of Finance of Charles VII Jacques Cœur built.
  • Hôtel Lallemant, Palais Renaissance
  • Aldermen Palais
  • Neo-classical building dating from the 17th and 18th centuries
  • Half-timbered houses from the 15th and 16th centuries
  • Gallo - Roman city wall
  • Churches of Notre-Dame and Saint -Bonnet
  • Porte Saint- Ursin, remains of a Roman Collegiate Church

Museums

  • Musée du Berry
  • Musée des Arts Décoratifs
  • School Museum
  • Musee Esteve at the Hôtel des Échevins, life and work of the painter Maurice Esteve
  • Museum of Natural History ( Muséum d' histoire naturelle de Bourges )
  • Museum of the Resistance ( Musee de la Resistance )

Infrastructure

The train station Gare de Bourges Bourges offers direct connections to Paris ( 2 hours), Orléans, Tours and Lyon. The Autoroute A71 connects with Orléans Bourges and Clermont-Ferrand. Also located near the city of Aéroport de Bourges, a small regional airport.

Personalities

Sons and daughters of the town

  • Radulf of Bourges (c. 800-866 ), Archbishop of Bourges and reformer and founder of many monasteries
  • Jacques Coeur (1395-1456), businessman and royal Argentier of the 15th century
  • Louis XI. (1423-1483), King of France
  • Jean Colombe (c. 1430-1493 ), late medieval illuminators
  • Philippe Basiron (1450-1491), composer, organist and clergy
  • Charles -Émile Call Ande de Champ Martin (1797-1883), French painter
  • Louis Lacombe (1818-1884), composer
  • Édouard François André (1840-1911), botanist
  • Berthe Morisot (1841-1895), painter of Impressionism
  • Gaëtan de Gatian Clérambault (1872-1934), psychiatrist, anthropologist and photographer
  • Pêtre Léon (1881-1956), colonial administrator
  • Jean -Christophe Rufin ( born 1952 ), physician, traveler, writer and humanitarian activist

Twinning

  • Germany Augsburg, Germany
  • Portugal Aveiro, Portugal
  • Italy Forli, Italy
  • Poland Koszalin, Poland
  • Spain Palencia, Spain
  • Russia Yoshkar -Ola, Russia
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