BrasÃlia
Brasília on the map of the Federal District
Brasília is the capital of Brazil. It is located in Distrito Federal do Brasil ( Federal District), the 2.6 million inhabitants (2009 ) has an area of 5,802 square kilometers.
According to the Brazilian Federal Office of Statistics and Geography ( IBGE ), there is only one community in the Distrito Federal ( município ): Brasília. However, the federal district represents no coherent urban area, but is - more comparable to a small state - with its very low population density and dominated by agricultural land.
The core city (administrative region Brasília ) has 205 030 inhabitants ( 2010) and an area of 472.12 square kilometers. In the metropolitan area of Brasília, which extends into the states of Goiás and Minas Gerais, about 3.5 million people ( 2007) on an area of 55 570 square kilometers.
- 3.1 Planning
- 3.2 Implementation
- 3.3 Population development
- 3.4 Development of the housing situation
- 4.1 Structures
- 5.1 Economics
- 5.2 traffic 5.2.1 Metro Brasília
- 5.2.2 airport
- 5.2.3 Road Traffic
Four definitions of Brasília
The name Brasília has four different meanings:
- The administrative region Brasília: Admin Brasília is only one of the 19 administrative regions ( regiões administrativas ) of the Federal District (Distrito Federal). The administrative region Brasília consists of the city of Plano Piloto and Asa Norte ( north wing ) and Asa Sul ( South Wing ).
- The Plano Piloto: Further Brasília is all that was contained in the original urban plan ( Plano Piloto ). These are three administrative regions: Brasília, Lago Norte ( North Lake), Lago Sul ( South Sea ).
- Plano Piloto and Cruzeiro: For many of the inhabitants is one of Brasília as the fourth administrative region also to Cruzeiro (consisting of the four areas Cruzeiro Velho Novo Cruzeiro, and Octogonal of Southwest ). For them Cruzeiro is no satellite city. However, some citizens expect only Octogonal and Sudoeste to Brasília, although all four areas are adjacent.
- Cities throughout the Federal District: The name Brasília is also the Plano Piloto To summarize for and used all satellite towns. In this case, mainly about 20 to 50 kilometers from Brasília distant urban nuclei of all administrative regions of the Federal District were included.
Geography
Geographical location
The capital city is located on the central plateau of the country in altitude of 1,158 meters near the watershed between the rivers flowing on the one hand to the north of the Amazon and on the other to the south to the Río de la Plata, in the middle of Brazil, but far from the other centers such as São Paulo ( 872 km ), Rio de Janeiro (930 miles), Recife (1653 km) and Belém (1600 km).
The metropolitan region of Brasília ( Região Metropolitana de Brasília ) has an area of 55 570 square kilometers and next to the Distrito Federal do Brasil comprises 19 municipalities in the state of Goiás ( Abadiânia, Água Fria de Goiás, Águas Lindas de Goiás, Alexania, Cabeceiras, Cidade Ocidental, Cocalzinho de Goiás, Corumbá de Goiás, Cristalina, Formosa, Luziânia, Mimoso de Goiás, Novo Gama, Padre Bernardo, Pirenópolis, Planaltina, Santo Antônio do Descoberto, Valparaíso de Goiás and Vila Boa ) and two municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais ( Buritis and Unaí ).
Climate
Brasília is located in the tropical climate zone. The average annual temperature of the city is 20.7 ° C, the annual precipitation sum 1552.1 millimeters. The average monthly values of temperature hardly differ. The mean value for the warmest September is 21.7 ° C, and the average value of the coldest month of July, 18.5 ° C.
Most precipitation falls during the rainy season from October to April with 123.8 to 248.6 mm monthly average, the fewest in the dry season between May and September, from 8.8 to 51.9 mm in the monthly average.
History
Originally today's Salvador da Bahia was the capital of Brazil - since the city was founded in 1549 and for more than 200 years. 1763 Rio de Janeiro was the capital and retained that status for almost 200 years.
Planning
1891 was the decision to build a new capital for Brazil, enshrined in the Constitution. The occasion was the desire for a neutral federal capital. Because of its location near the geographical center of the Brazilian territory, also the development of the infrastructure of the inland should be encouraged. 1893, rejection from a 14,400 -square-mile area for future capital. On September 7, 1922, the cornerstone was laid for Brasília took place near the city Planaltina. The further expansion of the city was ruled by the President Getúlio Vargas ( 1930-1954 ).
In 1956, the area was still far away from civilization. The city of Belém is situated at 1600 kilometers from Rio de Janeiro and 930 km. The nearest railway station was 125 km away, the nearest airport is 190 km and the nearest paved road 640 km. Sand and gravel were available but timber had to be fetched from 1600 kilometers away from 1,200 kilometers and structural steel.
Responsible urban planner was Lúcio Costa. The architect Oscar Niemeyer was as head of the state building authority responsible for the Brasília project and designed the public building.
As a plan for the city in the form of a cross was chosen, which should be seen as a symbol of the country mark on a map, one axis was bent due to the natural conditions. It is architecturally dominated by the Cathedral and the Parliament building. The documents Costas for urban design competition at that time bore the name Plano Piloto, what about " master plan " to translate roughly as Costa hardly the required documents such as requirement calculations taught, but merely represented a basic idea. Because of the similarity of the city area with the outline of an airplane and the name Plano Piloto is often mistakenly assumed that the plan goes back to the view of an aircraft.
Implementation
With the redesign was started on 22 October 1956. The first building, a temporary Presidential Palace was built ( the Catetinho ). Already on 21 April 1960, the capital plan was largely completed and was inaugurated by President Kubitschek. Brasília thus replaced Rio de Janeiro as the new capital of the country.
First, the ministries were established. Then should settle other central institutions. The members of the old families who lived for generations in Rio de Janeiro, however, opposed the move to Brasilia. Therefore, the government set up the September 7, 1972 as the date by which any public official had to take home the pain of loss of his position and every diplomat on pain of losing his immunity in Brasilia. This led at the last moment to a race to the few empty apartments.
On April 21, 1962, the University of Brasília was opened. A little later, on 31 May 1962 the cathedral was consecrated after ten years of construction. 1967 Brasília TV Tower was completed in 1977, the post office, 1978, the City Park, and in 1981 the Central Bank.
Since 1987, Brasília is on the UNESCO list of world cultural heritage. 1992 has started with the construction of Brasília and Metrô on 31 March 2001, the first section was officially inaugurated. In March 2008, the city the title of the American Capital of Culture was awarded in 2008.
The builders of Brasilia are called Candangos.
Population Development
The administrative region Brasília is with 205 030 inhabitants ( 2008) and an area of 472.12 square kilometers behind Ceilândia ( 361 601 inhabitants), Taguatinga ( 274 221 inhabitants) and Planaltina ( 217 086 inhabitants ), only the fourth largest in the federal district. Most residents live in the suburbs and rural areas outside of the core city.
The population development of the Distrito Federal do Brasil took in the last five decades a rapid development. 1950 only 36,000 people lived there, there were 2,455,903 in 2007 with about 68 times as much. The Federal District has an area of 5802 square kilometers. It is thus somewhat smaller than the Canton of Bern and more than twice as large as the Saarland. It has a population density of 422 inhabitants per square kilometer.
The following table shows how the number of inhabitants according to the respective territorial status. The decline in population in the administrative region of Brasília by over 180,000 people 1985-1991 was due to administrative measures and forced relocation of people with low or no income in the satellite towns around the urban core.
Development of housing situation
In the administrative region Brasília today live mainly people of the middle and upper classes. For the workers who came predominantly from the north- east of the country and have built the capital, in the planning was no space provided. Today, the majority of them living in the satellite towns around the urban core. The industry, of the Federal District were set aside for the large areas, has not settled.
High unemployment and its accompanying social phenomena such as high alcohol and drug use and rising crime rates characterize the suburbs. The quality of life in Brasília with green areas, utilities and infrastructure is good for the people living there compared to other cities of the country high.
However, the city lacks little by existing socio- cultural institutions and a vibrant cultural life of a city. The politicians, MPs and staff spend the weekend in most other cities of the country. The ultra-modern capital with its built in flamboyant style buildings for Brazil a symbol of progress and their climatic characteristics, quality of life, landscape design, rich vegetation and forgiving traffic situation offers further development opportunities.
Culture and sights
Structures
Patron saint of the city is Saint John Bosco (Portuguese Dom João Belchior Bosco ). Don Bosco in a prophecy on August 30, 1883 by a " promised land, be flowing with milk and honey " spoken as a source of a new civilization and also coordinate " between the parallels 15 and 20" mentioned. Then the founder of the new capital of Brazil made reference.
The architect Lúcio Costa said in 1968 about Brasilia:
"Everything is monumental, human, simple terrific, ascetic in the purity of its forms, which have been reduced to the essentials. "
Much reminiscent of Frank Lloyd Wright's plans for a " living city ". Beginning of the 21st century marked the capital of social and residential segregation. Therefore, Oscar Niemeyer in 2001 said in an interview:
" This experiment was not successful. "
Due to its importance for the history of architecture Brasília since 1987 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. At the time of its construction Brasília was a vaunted model of architectural modernism. This euphoria has long since subsided, and now show up in many places traces of decay.
An overview of the futuristic capital is recovered from the observation deck of the 218 -meter high TV Tower, the city 's tallest building. He stands at the Monumental Axis, near the old bus station, where meet the fuselage and wings.
To the east of the axis of two slender towers of the parliament building and the lake is limited. To the west is the completed in 1981 Kubitschek Memorial. In the north and south are the residential districts, hotels and shopping centers. Just outside the densely populated north and south wings are the sports stadium Estádio Nacional de Brasília, the meteorological observatory, the Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet, the campground and the pet cemetery.
The Monumental Axis from TV Tower Brasilia to the Praça dos Três Poderes (Square of the three powers ) is accessible on foot. Behind the old bus station is on the left the National Theatre and on the right side of the Cathedral of Brasilia ( Catedral Metropolitana Nossa Senhora Aparecida pt after the Basilica of Aparecida, see also Archdiocese of Brasília )
The Esplanada dos Ministérios, the street of the ministries begins, behind the cathedral. The Palácio do Itamaraty reflected in the water pool surrounding the building.
The Parliament, the Congresso Nacional, at the end of the Monumental Axis. On the other hand, at the Praça dos Três Poderes, are the Presidential Palace, the Supreme Court and as the newest building a Pantheon to commemorate Tancredo Neves (1910-1985) - a monument to democracy. On the left side of the square is the president's official residence, the Palácio do Planalto.
Near the TV tower is in a residential area, the Sanctuary of Our Lady Dom Bosco Church, which honors the city's patron saint, as well Niemeyer Ermida Dom Bosco Chapel at Lago Sul.
Procuradoria Geral
Palácio dos Arcos
Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge
Economy and infrastructure
Economy
The largest bank in Brazil, Banco do Brasil, headquartered in Brasília.
Traffic
Metro Brasília
The construction of the Metrô Brasília was started in 1992, it was opened in 2001 and consists of two lines ( Linha laranja, German: Orange line and Linha verde, German: Green Line ), which connect the bus station in the center with the suburbs together in Y-shaped. The net is about 45 kilometers long and includes 30 stations at present.
Airport
International Airport (Portuguese: Aeroporto Internacional de Brasilia - Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek; IATA code: BSB, ICAO: SBBR ) had in 2006 about 9.7 million passengers.
Road
During construction of the capital was intended in large dimensions, and correspondingly large highways were designed. According to the Charter of Athens, who wanted to combine modern living, working and leisure activities among the greatest time savings, pedestrians were not considered. With cars in underground car parks at all major buildings, the residents should be connected to each other in the fastest way.
See also: Eixo Monumental, Juscelino Kubitschek bridge
Education
In Brasilia there are more than 114 universities, from the MEC ( Ministry of Education ) are recognized.
Sons and daughters of the town
- Izabella Teixeira ( b. 1961 ), politician
- Joaquim Cruz ( born 1963 ), athlete
- Marcony Vinícius Ferreira (born 1964 ), Bishop
- Chris Carter (born 1965 ), writer
- Márcio Amoroso ( b. 1974 ), football player
- Harley Marques ( born 1974 ), volleyball player
- Washington Stecanela Cerqueira ( b. 1975 ), football player
- Vitor Meira ( born 1977 ), race car driver
- Cristiano Pereira de Souza ( born 1977 ), football player
- Vitorino Hilton ( b. 1977 ), football player
- Lúcio (born 1978 ), football player
- Todd A. Kessler ( born 1979 ), director
- Juliana de Aquino (1980-2009), a musical actress
- Erika Carvalho de Sousa ( born 1981 ), volleyball player
- Paula Pequeno (* 1982 ), volleyball player
- Kaká ( b. 1982 ), football player
- César Castro ( b. 1982 ), water Springer
- Hugo Parisi ( born 1984 ), water Springer
- Digão ( born 1985 ), football player
- Tandara Caixeta (* 1988), volleyball player
- Yann Cunha (* 1991), race car driver
- Lucas Foresti (* 1992), race car driver
- Alípio Duarte Brandão (* 1992), football player
- Felipe Nasr (* 1992), race car driver