Brassica juncea

Called The brown mustard (Brassica juncea ), and Indian mustard, brown mustard or Rod cabbage, Chinese mustard, a plant of the family Brassicaceae is ( Brassicaceae). The home is Asia, but it has been naturalized in other parts of the world. Varieties of this species are used in many ways.

2.1 phytoremediation

4.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Juncea grows as annual herbaceous plant, reaching heights of growth of mostly 30 to 100 (20 to 180) cm. Some forms have fleshy Pflahlwurzeln. The aboveground plant parts are usually hairy fluffy and sometimes reddish to bluish. The upright stems are branched mostly at the top.

The distributed on the stem leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The petioles are longer in the lower part of the stem and the higher up constantly shorter; They are usually from 2 to 8 ( 1 to 15) inches long. The 6 to 30 (4 to 80) cm long and wide 1.5 to 15 ( to 28) cm leaf blade is ovate, oblong to lanceolate or farther lyre-shaped bottom to fiederteilig. The leaf margin may be smooth to toothed.

Generative features

The flower stalks are 1.5 - 5.5 times as long as the sepals, to fruit maturity, they grow to usually 0.8 to 1.5 ( 0.5 to 2 ) cm. The hermaphrodite flowers are cruciform. The four spread elongated sepals are usually 4 to 6 ( 3.5 to 7 ) mm in length and 1 to 1.7 mm wide. The four 3-6 mm long nailed yellow petals are generally 8 to 11 (6.5 to 13) mm long and 5 to 7.5 mm wide. There are six stamens present. The filaments are 4 to 7 mm, and the elongated dust bags are 1.5 to 2 mm long. The flowering period extends from March to June. This species is self-fertile and is pollinated by Instekten.

The fruits are not stalked above the calyx, so it is not a fruit carrier available. Elongated, pencil -shaped to some tetragonal pods have a length of usually 3 to 5 ( 2 to 6) inches and a diameter of 3 to 4 ( to 5) mm. The fruit beak is 5 to 12 mm long. The fruit segments each contain 6 to 15 (rarely to 20 ) seeds and the top segment contains no seeds. The dark to light brown seeds are spherical with a diameter of 1 to 1.7 mm and have a slightly reticulated surface. The fruits ripen from April to July.

The chromosome number is 2n = 36

Use

The leaves can be eaten raw or cooked. The inflorescences and flowers can also be eaten raw and cooked. From the seeds an oil is suitable for consumption is obtained; they contain from 25 to 30%. The seeds are used as a spice. The underground plant parts of some forms can be eaten. The seedlings are eaten as a salad. The seeds are used for the production of table mustard, especially for Dijon mustard. The thickened sprouts of Brassica juncea var variety tsatsai be loaded with lactic acid in Chinese cuisine and are known as Tsa Tsai or " Sezuangemüse " known. The variety ' Red Giant ' is as baby leaf ( Japanese Green or Green Oriental ) is used.

Medical effects have been investigated.

Phytoremediation

The brown mustard is used for phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soils. For this, the plants are grown on the soil, and subsequently treated with EDTA. The plants take on the Pb ( II) -EDTA complexes and then die off. The lead-containing plant parts are disposed of. A complete phytoextraction of contaminated soil may take several years to complete.

System

The basionym Sinapis juncea was published in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, 2, pp. 668-669. 1859 turned Vasily Matveyitch Tschernjajew in Conspectus Plantarum circa Charcoviam et in Ucranie sponte cresentium et vulgo cultarum, 8 this species as Brassica juncea in the genus Brassica. Other synonyms are: Brassica japonica ( Thunb. ) sieve. ex Miquel, B. juncea var crispifolia LHBailey, B. juncea var japonica ( Thunb. ) LHBailey.

For the species Brassica juncea following subspecies and varieties include (selection):

Brown mustard or Sarepta mustard, (. Brassica juncea (L.) var Czern juncea, Syn: Brassica juncea var agrestis Prain ), also Indian mustard, Russian mustard or mustard called Oriental.
Brassica juncea subsp. integrifolia ( H.West ) Thell. ( Syn. Brassica juncea var crispifolia LHBailey, Brassica juncea var fimbriata, Brassica juncea var chirimenna Makino, Brassica juncea var cernua Forb et Hemsl. . )
Brassica juncea var cuneifolia ( Roxb. ) Kitam.
Chinese mustard (Brassica juncea var crispifolia )
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. var foliosa L.H.Bailey
Brassica juncea var japonica ( Thunb. ) LHBailey ( syn. Brassica japonica sieve, Sinapis japonica Thunb. ).
Horn mustard (Brassica juncea var linearifolia )
Brassica juncea var longidens L.H.Bailey
Green - in-the- snow (Brassica juncea var multiceps N.Tsen & SNLee )
Brassica juncea subsp. napiformis ( Paill. & Bois ) Gladis
Broad-leaved mustard (Brassica juncea var rugosa ), with the variety Red Mustard 'Red Giant'
Brassica juncea var strumata N.Tsen & S.N.Lee
Tsa Tsai (Brassica juncea var tsatsai Mao, syn. Brassica juncea var tumida N.Tsen & SNLee )

Swell

Tai - Yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al- Shehbaz & Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 8, page 20: Brassica juncea - Online. ( Description section )
Suzanne I. Warwick: Brassica in the Flora of North America, Volume 7, page 421: Brassica juncea - Online. ( Description section )

143562