Brazilian Portuguese
Spoken in
- Indo-European languages Italic languages Romance Languages Ibero-Romance languages Portuguese Brazilian Portuguese
Pt- BR
With Brazilian Portuguese (Portuguese: português brasileiro, português do Brasil ) is the variety of the Portuguese referred to, which is spoken in Brazil.
General
Brazil - the largest country in the Lusophone (Portuguese speaking countries) - counts according to the census of May 2007, nearly 190 million inhabitants, of which the majority have Portuguese as their mother language.
The Ibero - Romance languages essentially go back to the Vulgar Latin ( Sermo plebejis ) of the mercenary troops of the Roman Empire in the Iberian peninsula ( Spain and Portugal = ), and they are similar enough that ( together less than 1.5 of the million inhabitants of Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana apart ) all Latin Americans by semi- communication can communicate with one another, and all speak their own distinct language and understand each other halfway. In practice, this often leads to Portuñol ( português español ) -called code-switching, similar to Spanglish (Spanish English ), mainly in the southern U.S. states.
While the Portuguese in Angola and Mozambique largely based on the European standard, the Portuguese in Brazil is different in all aspects more or less significantly from that of Portugal. Below Brazilian Portuguese is abbreviated as BP and European Portuguese as an EP.
Emancipation
Given the increasing differences between the two varieties of Portuguese in Portugal and Brazil took - as in many other former colonies of European countries, such as Argentina - since the 1930s, a patriotic awareness of the particularity of one's own language, which, as in terms língua oficial or língua nacional expressed, the latter dating back to the same name and programmatic title of João Ubaldo, one of the basic linguistic theorists of resurgent national consciousness. Since then, the Brazilian variety is in a process of emancipation from the former mother country. An example of this is that the former half- Língua portuguesa e literatura brasileira has been replaced ( Portuguese language and Brazilian literature) in the curriculum of general education schools in the course of the 90 years of the 20th century gradually Língua e literatura brasileiras ( Brazilian language and literature). This increased self-confidence as well as the increased importance of this emerging country in the world carry some German publishers account by translations of Brazilian literature in Germany bear the endorsement "from the Brazilian ". However, the last decades have seen a tendency to re- approach the two forms of writing the EP and BP. The contract concluded between the Portuguese-speaking countries spell 1990 Agreement establishes common spellings. In recent years it has been implemented in Brazil and Portugal, and thus exists as opposed to American English and British English for Portuguese a uniform spelling. Only in a few exceptional cases ( significantly less than 1 % of the vocabulary ) continue to exist separate spellings.
Pronunciation
In no aspect, the two major languages spoken in Portugal and Brazil varieties of Portuguese distinguish as clearly as in phonetics ( pronunciation ). The assessment may only descriptive ( descriptive ) based on general usage, as explicitly prescriptive (legal ) norms for any of the two varieties are present, as they exist for the Hochlautung the Germans, for example, Duden pronunciation dictionary Large dictionary the German pronunciation ( GWDA ) screen ' German pronunciation.
Thus, the consonants ( consonants ) [ β ], [ ð ], for example, [ ɣ ] EP no longer exists in BP, as well as the dark l [ ɬ ] of the EP, as in English, Ripuarian ( Rheinisch, compare the well-known Koelle [
kɶɫɘ ] Cologne ) and also in the Westphalian part of the Ruhr area occurring (compare the demand of Dortmund wanted? [ vɔɫ ] ).
So that also formed with more punches, rolled [r ] of the EP has given way largely different variations in BP, in addition formed with fewer strokes [r ] among them in the EP does not exist [h ] and [ x], so that written < r
> and
Vocabulary
The BP ( influence an otherwise socio - culturally inferior to the dominant language ) especially through numerous Indianismen from the Tupi- Guaraní ( Tupinismen ) enriches and other indigenous languages at the substrate effect, eg:
- Ya Kare (literally: to the side peeking ) > BP jacaré (Cayman )
- IBA Kati ( lit., fragrant fruit) > BP abacaxi ( pineapple)
Some of these have been found as a foreign loan words and input into the vocabulary of the German, for example:
- Acayu ( lit.: small fruit ) > BP Cajú > ( am ) Engl. cashew > German Cashew ( cf. French cajou with preserved articulation )
- Naná ( lit. highly fragrant fruit) > BP ananás > German pineapple
- Mbaracayá > BP maracujá > German Maracuja ( passion fruit )
- Pará ( lit. sea, large river ) > State of Pará ( at sea ) > BP ( castanha do) Pará > dt Brazil nut
- Pirá ãi ( lit., cut, bite) > BP piranha or piraña span > German Piranha (or Piranhas )
In addition, some words of BP as neologisms ( new words ) have consistently with consistent spelling found its way into the vocabulary of the Germans who did not come from the indigenous languages of the country, such as:
- BP amigo ( friend ) > dt Amigo ( derogatorily corrupt politicians )
- BP cachaça > German cachaça (sugar cane liquor)
- BP caipirinha > German Caipirinha
- BP telenovela > German telenovela
The indigenous languages are reflected mainly in the toponymy ( place names ) in the country reflected, for example:
- Paraná ( state, literally: Rapid River )
- Curitiba ( capital of the state of Paraná, literally: Pine grove )
- Iguaçu ( river in the south of the country, most cataracts in the world, literally, Big River )
- Ipiranga ( river by São Paulo, literally: Red River )
- Sorocaba (city in the state of São Paulo, literally: Ridged Earth )
In addition, have left by the Portuguese colonial power as slaves from Africa Zwangsverschleppte their lexical traces in various Africanisms, eg:
- Carimbo (stamp) and bunda ( butt ) from the Angolan Kimbundu or
- Oxalá originally from Arabic ( hopefully) umgangssprachl from. Insh - allah ان شاء الله ( God willing ), etc.
In Erbwortschatz, differences have developed, such as:
- EP pequeno almoço vs. BP café da manhã (Breakfast)
- EP cruzeta vs. BP cabide ( hanger )
- EP telefonada vs. BP Ligação ( phone call )
- EP carro eléctrico vs. BP bonde ( tram)
- EP hospedeira vs. BP aeromoça ( flight attendant )
- Banheiro (EP casa de banho vs. BP bathroom, . toilets )
- Carona (EP dodgers vs. Carpool BP )
- Comboio (EP ( wagon ) vs. train. convoy BP )
- Rapariga (EP girls vs. BP pejorative light girl )
Up to a few unique false friends, for example:
- Bicha (EP queue of people vs. BP pejorative vulgar gay )
Grammar
The grammar of BP differs from the usual in Portugal Default slightly. Particularly striking is the almost universal loss of personal pronouns tu and vos are conjugated in the second person (singular and plural). While the European Portuguese has only abolished the VOS form ( which is now expressed in terms of vocês ), was also the tu- form você replaced by the pronoun in Brazil. Você was originally a polite form and is conjugated with the 3rd person. In the southern states as well as in the Amazon countries, the use of the second person, however, has widely received. However, there is in the vernacular, a trend to use the tu, but to conjugate the verb in the third person (ie as when using você ).
Furthermore, the position of the oblique personal pronouns in the sentence often another.
Another difference from the Portuguese variety is that the formation of the imperative forms in the vernacular often simply the normal indicative form is used, for example, instead of espera espere ( dt: wait ). In the written language, however, is to use the correct imperative.