Caesalpinioideae

Peacock tree ( Caesalpinia pulcherrima ), inflorescence

The carob plants in Austria Bockshörndlbaumgewächse, ( Caesalpinioideae ) are a subfamily of the legume family ( Fabaceae ). The 2000 to 3000 species have areas mainly in the tropics and subtropics, especially in the Neotropics and Africa. Some species are used in tropical to sub-tropical parks and gardens as ornamental plants. Many species of some genera, the wood is utilized.

  • 3.1 pedigree
  • 4.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

The carob plants mainly includes trees and a few shrubs, vines or perennial herbaceous plants. They usually grow independently erect or rarer than twining, klimmende or climbing with shoot or leaf tendrils plants. It is mesophytes or xerophytes. They may contain resin. The Secondary growth in thickness is usually of a conventional Kambumring starting or abnormal by a concentrically cambium (for example Koompassia ).

Carob plants are evergreen or deciduous. The alternate and spirally arranged or distichous leaves may be stalked or almost sessile to sessile. The leaf blades are usually pinnate single or double. The herbaceous, membranous or leathery leaflets have Fiedernervatur. There may be a cushion to the feathery leaves. Rarely is Heterophyllie ago. Stipules are present. In a few species the leaves are reduced and it can be formed phyllodes or photosynthesis take over parts of the stem axis. The stomata are paracytisch or anomocytisch, cyclocytisch and actinocytisch.

The leaves or stipules can be transformed into thorns. The almost always present in stipules ( here Intrapetiolarstipeln ) are well trained or reduced to scales and can be durable or fall early.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers appear singly or in lateral or terminal, simple or branched, racemose, aged men, zymösen or frets then inflorescences together. The flowers are usually hermaphroditic, but it can also monoecious, Andromonözie or Polygamomonözie present.

The small to large, radial symmetry to more or less zygomorphic flowers are fünfzählig Dual or single ( about 26 genera ) perianth ( perianth ). For example, most Detarieae a free flower cup ( hypanthium ) is available. The most five (three to six) sepals are usually grown. The five petals ( petals ) are usually free. The green, white, may from yellow through orange to red or pink to purple petals nailed or be seated. Petals may be absent. In the flower buds an ascending, overlapping Kronblattdeckung ( imbricat ) can be seen. There are rarely only one, usually up to ten, with Maniltoa are up to stamens present. The same to clearly unequal stamens can be grown freely or in a different way with each other, but they are never fused with the petals. The stamens may be all fertile or some are transformed into staminodes. The pollen grains usually have three or more rarely two or four apertures and are meit colporat, rare Porat or COLPAT. It's just a constant upper carpel available. The carpel may be present up to a hundred ovules.

Fruit and seeds

The fleshy or fleshy fruits are not usually legumes, rare walnut fruits, follicles or drupes. The fruits remain closed at maturity or they open; diasporas So these are the fruits or seeds.

The seeds may also contain endosperm and starch. The chlorophyll-containing embyro is usually straight, rarely curved and has two flat cotyledons ( cotyledons ).

Ecology

In contrast to the other Fabaceae are in the Caesalpinioideae only a few species with nitrogen-fixing root nodules nodule bacteria present and if they are present then often only little of it.

System

As a first publication of the Caesalpinioideae applies Augustin Pyramus de Candolle: Prodromus systematis naturalis regni veg, 2, 1825, p 473 in which he published the name " Caesalpineae ". The name of the type genus Caesalpinia honors the Italian botanist Andrea Cesalpino. Synonyms for Caesalpinioideae DC. are: Caesalpiniaceae R.Br., Cassiaceae Vest, Ceratoniaceae link Detariaceae ( DC.) Hess.

After molecular biological findings are in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae in its traditional confines to a paraphyletic taxon within the monophyletic family Fabaceae. Previously, there were also the tribes Cercideae to but which is not assigned to any of the three subfamilies in new classifications, but was recognized as a basal group of the Fabaceae family tree. But they were also often regarded as a separate family Caesalpiniaceae.

This subfamily is divided according to recent studies, only three tribes and contains 120 to 170 genera with about 2000 to 3000 species:

  • Tribus Caesalpinieae: The flowers are zygomorphic to radial symmetry. The sepals are usually free. The leaves are usually pinnate twice. It contains up to 51 genera: Acrocarpus Wight ex Arn. Contains only one type: Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wight ex Arn. It is native to Asia and is cultivated in many tropical areas.
  • Arcoa gonavensis Urb. It is native to Hispaniola.
  • Balsamocarpon brevifolium Clos: It comes in the Chilean Atacama region before III and IV Coquimbo.
  • Spruce ex Benth Batesia floribunda. It occurs in the Brazilian states of Acre and Amazonas, in French Guiana, in the southeastern Colombia and in the Peruvian province of Loreto.
  • Burkea africana Hook. It is widespread in Africa.
  • Ceratonia oreothauma Hillc. & Al.: It occurs only in the Arabian Peninsula and Somalia.
  • Carob tree ( Ceratonia siliqua L.): She is in Europe, Asia Minor, located in the Canary Islands and in North Africa.
  • Chidlowia sanguinea Hoyle: It occurs in tropical West Africa.
  • Colvillea racemosa Boii: It is native to Madagascar.
  • Cordeauxia edulis Hemsl. It occurs only in Ethiopia and southern Somalia.
  • Flame Tree ( Delonix regia ( Boii ) Raf. ): He is at home only in the northern and western Madagascar. It is used in tropical and subtropical regions as an ornamental plant.
  • Diptychandra aurantiaca Tul. It occurs in Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay.
  • Logwood tree ( Haematoxylum campechianum L.)
  • Heteroflorum sclerocarpum M.Sousa: It occurs in Mexico.
  • Lemuropisum edule H.Perrier: It occurs only in the south-western Madagascar.
  • Lophocarpinia aculeatifolia ( Burkart ) Burkart: It occurs in the Argentine provinces of Chaco, Formosa and Salta and in Paraguay.
  • Melanoxylum Brauna Schott: It occurs in the Brazilian states of Bahia, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro.
  • Moullava spicata ( Dalzell ) Nicolson: It occurs only in India.
  • Orphanodendron bernatii Barneby & JWGrimes: It occurs only in Colombia.
  • Pachyelasma tessmannii ( Harms ) Harms: It occurs in tropical Africa.
  • Pterogyne nitens Tul. It is widespread in Brazil, eastern Bolivia, northern Argentina and Paraguay.
  • Stahlia monosperma ( Tul. ) Urb. It occurs only in the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico.
  • Stenodrepanum bergii Harms: It occurs in Argentina.
  • Stuhlmannia moavi Taub. Thrives in the coastal forests of Tanzania.
  • Zuccagnia punctata Cav. It occurs in Argentina and northern Chile.
  • Tribus Cassieae: The flowers are usually more or less zygomorphic. The petals are more than emarginate. The leaves are simple pinnate. It contains three subtribe with about 21 genera: Subtribe Cassiinae: it contains about three genera with about 665 species: Kassien ( Cassia L., Syn: Bactyrilobium Willd, Cathartocarpus pers.. ): It contains today without the types of plan genera Senna and Chamaecrista about 30 (previously up to 70 ) species. It is distributed in the tropics almost worldwide and four species are cultivated in many tropical countries.
  • Chamaecrista Moench (syn.: Grimaldia cabinet, Sooja Siebold, Cassia subgen Lasiorhegma bird ex Benth, Cassia subgen Absus ( DC. ex Collad ) Symon. .. . ): The approximately 330 herbaceous species are common in the Paläotropis.
  • Senna Mill ( syn. Cassia Senna subgen (Mill.) Benth, Chamaefistula ( DC.) G.Don, Chamaesenna ( DC.) Raf ex Pittier, Desmodiocassia Britton & Rose, Earleocassia Britton, Echinocassia Britton & Rose. .. Gaumerocassia Britton, Herpetic ( DC.) Raf., Leonocassia Britton, Palmerocassia Britton, Phragmocassia Britton & Rose, Pseudocassia Britton & Rose, Pterocassia Britton & Rose, Sciacassia Britton, Sericeocassia Britton, Tharpia Britton & Rose, Vogelocassia Britton, Xerocassia Britton & Rose ): of the approximately 300 species 206 are used in the New World, up to 20 occur in Africa, 33 species are native to Australia, Madagascar, there are nine species and some species occur in Asia and Malaysia's ago. Three to five species whose origin is uncertain, are cultivated widely.
  • Androcalymma Dwyer: It contains only one type: Androcalymma glabrifolium Dwyer: It occurs in Brazil.
  • Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill. They occur in tropical Arika.
  • Eligmocarpus cynometroides Capuron: It occurs in Madagascar.
  • Kalappia celebica Kosterm: . These endangered species is endemic in Malili which is part of Sulawesi.
  • Mendoravia dumaziana Capuron: It occurs in Madagascar.
  • Poeppigia procera C.Presl: It is widespread from southern Mexico through Central America and Cuba to Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia and Peru.
  • Uittienia modesta Steenis: It occurs in the Malay Archipelago.
  • Zenia insignis Chun: It occurs in China and Vietnam.
  • Duparquetia Baill. Contains only one type: Duparquetia orchidacea Baill. They occur in tropical Arika.
  • Tribus Detarieae: It contains about 83 genera and 735-771 species: Afzelia Sm: 12 to 14 species are distributed in tropical Asia and Africa.
  • Amherstia Wall:. Contains only one type: Tohabaum ( Amherstia nobilis Wall. ): It is found only in southern Myanmar.
  • Augouardia letestui Pellegr. It is native to Gabon.
  • Barnebydendron riedelii ( Tul. ) JHKirkbr. It comes in southern Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras, in the Brazilian state of Acre and in the Peruvian region of Madre de Dios before.
  • Brachycylix vageleri ( Harms ) Cowan: It is native to Colombia.
  • Brandzeia filicifolia Baill. It is native to Madagascar.
  • Brodriguesia santosii RSCowan: It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
  • Mopane ( Colophospermum mopane ( Kirk ex Benth ) Kirk ex J.Léonard, Syn. Copaiba mopane ( Kirk ex Benth ) Kuntze, Copaifera mopane Kirk ex Benth, Hardwickia mopane ( Kirk ex Benth ) Breteler et al.. .. ): It is widely distributed in the southern tropical and southern Africa.
  • Ecuadendron acosta - solisianum DANeill: This endangered species ( Endangered by IUCN) grows at altitudes between 300 and 400 meters in Ecuador. On the only three known locations less than 100 specimens were counted in 2000.
  • Endertia spectabilis Steenis & de Wit: It occurs in Java and Kalimantan.
  • Goniorrhachis marginata Taub. It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Bahia.
  • Hardwickia binata Roxb. It is native to India.
  • Hylodendron gabunense Taub. It comes in tropical Africa before in Cameroon, Gabon, Zaire and Nigeria.
  • Icuria dunensis Wieringa: It occurs only in the northern Mozambique.
  • Lebruniodendron leptanthum ( Harms ) J.Leonard: It occurs in Cameroon and Zaire.
  • Librevillea klainei ( Harms ) Hoyle: It occurs in Angola, Cameroon and Gabon.
  • Michel Sonia microphylla ( Troupin ) Hauman: It occurs in Africa.
  • Micklethwaitia carvalhoi ( Harms ) GPLewis & Schrire: It occurs in Mozambique.
  • Neochevalierodendron stephanii ( A.Chev. ) J.Leonard: It occurs in Gabon.
  • Paloveopsis emarginata Cowan: It occurs in Brazil and Guyana.
  • Paramacrolobium coeruleum ( Taub. ) J.Léonard: It occurs in tropical Africa.
  • Pellegriniodendron diphyllum ( Harms ) J.Leonard: It occurs in tropical Africa.
  • Polystemonanthus dinklagei Harms: It occurs in the Ivory Coast and Liberia.
  • Priory copaifera Griseb. It occurs in Jamaica, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama and Colombia.
  • Pseudomacrolobium mengei ( De Wild. ) Hauman: It occurs in Zaire.
  • Pseudosindora palustris Symington: It occurs in Indonesia.
  • Sindoropsis letestui ( Pellegr. ) J.Leonard: It occurs in Gabon.
  • Stemonocoleus micranthus Harms: It occurs in tropical Africa.
  • Tamarind tree ( Tamarindus indica L. ): It is widely distributed in Africa and also occurs in the Cape Verde Islands, Socotra and Yemen. It is grown in many tropical and subtropical areas.

Pedigree

Swell

  • The subfamily in APWebsite. ( Section systematics and description)
  • The subfamily at DELTA. ( Description section )
  • Anne Bruneau, Félix Forest, Patrick S. Herendeen, Bente B. Klitgaard Gwilym P. Lewis :: Phylogenetic relationships in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae ) as inferred from chloroplast trnL intron sequences. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 26, No. 3, 2001, pp. 487-514, doi: 10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.487.
  • Manuel de la Estrella, Francisco J. Cabezas, Carlos Aedo, Mauricio Velayos: Checklist of the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae ) of Equatorial Guinea ( Annobón, Bioko and Río Muni ). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 151, No. 4, 2006, pp. 541-562, doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00538.x, (PDF file, 254 kB).
  • Taxon in search mask in Legumes of the World of Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, 2013. ( Section systematics)
Rosids Liana Cereal germ Cynometra cauliflora Acre (state) Amazonas (Brazilian state) Amazon River East Africa Namibia Amazon Basin Peltophorum Lesser Sunda Islands Senna (plant) Caatinga Madre de Dios Region Brachystegia Brownea Cynometra Detarium Intsia Lysidice (plant) Microberlinia Schotia List of islands of Cape Verde Surianaceae Fabales Digital Object Identifier Agricultural Research Service
158803
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