Cakile maritima

European sea rocket ( Cakile maritima ), Habitus in Habitat

The European sea rocket ( Cakile maritima ) or Strandrauke is a plant belonging to the family of cruciferous plants (Brassicaceae ). She is originally distributed mainly on the beaches of the North and Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean and Black Sea and Macaronesia. As an optional Halophyt it is a salt-tolerant plant.

Description

The European sea rocket is an annual herbaceous plant and is one of the sommerannuellen Kriechtherophyten. It grows as a bald, chubby and richly branched beach plant that usually reaches heights of growth of about 30 centimeters. The growth habit can be ascending or decumbent. The pale to blue-green, slightly glossy leaves are arranged opposite one another on the stem. They are about 3 to 6 inches long, are plump and fleshy in the upper stalk area with undivided, in the lower stem section with double fiederspaltiger leaf blade. The tendency to succulence is a typical feature of many halophytes Journal of the coast.

The hermaphrodite, fourfold, and about 1 inch wide flowers come together in a contract leafless, capitate, flat-topped cluster. The four lanceolate sepals enclose the four purple to pink-colored, long- nailed petals so tight that a narrow, 4-5 mm long corolla tube is formed. The six yellow stamens protruding from the corolla tube out The Upper constant, sleek, unicompartmental ovary goes into a pen with a small scar over. The flowers give off a pleasant scent. The flowering period extends from July to September. The thick, two-tier members pod has a short, thick stalk. It has a length of about 2 cm and a diameter of about 5 cm. The upper pods member is compressed and easily breaking off. It contains a single seed. By karpotropische movements, the pod is horizontal after flowering.

Ecology

The European sea rocket is a one-year creep Therophyt or Hemikryptophyt, which grows mostly in spreading bushes.

The flowers are " nectar leading stem plate flowers with out brisk -free dust bags ". Pollination is by insects langrüsselige, particularly by butterflies and pollen eaters such as hoverflies. Blooms from May to July.

The fruits are not typical of cruciferous plants; it is, in fact after flowering projecting, two -piece, long to 25 mm, to be separated to maturity breakdown fruits called pods members. The lower, remaining on the plant part is called because of its shape " dagger handle " the upper part " dagger". Both partial fruits each enclosing a seed, so are nuts. DieFruchtwand is hard and aerated at maturity. The upper part of the fruit is torn off by strong winds and taken a piece of the wind, but usually remains are nearby; it is therefore a propagation inhibition. Autumn storms often then tear out to you all, now become arid plant and drive them as steppe scooter on the ground. This then caught often in alluvial seaweed cushions and transported at high water with the seaweed over long distances; So they serve the propagation distance. The swimming lasts 1-4 months. Fruit ripening in September.

The European sea rocket is food and nectar plant for the nocturnal beach - Erdeule ( Agrotis ripae ), which is classified as endangered by the Red List of endangered large butterflies and is on the North Sea coast exclusively in Spülsaumgesellschaften as occupied. The caterpillars of the large cabbage white (Pieris brassicae) estimate the European sea rocket as a forage crop.

Occurrence

The European sea rocket is originally in Macaronesia to Madeira and the Canary Islands and in North Africa in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt, as well as in Asia Minor in the entire region of Palestine, Syria, Iran and Turkey, as well as in the Caucasus in Georgia and Caucasus foothills, as well as in Europe in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Poland, in the European part of Russia, Ukraine, Albania, Bulgaria, the former Yugoslavia, Romania, Greece, Italy, France, Spain and Portugal. In many parts of the world, the European sea mustard is an invasive plant, for example, in North America and Australia. In Germany he has scattered holdings on the coast of Lower Saxony, Mecklenburg -Vorpommern and Schleswig -Holstein. As volatile neophyte he rarely occurs inland.

The European sea rocket is found mainly on saline sites, particularly on the coast and the offshore islands. It grows here like the beach and Vordünenbereich. Especially on nitrogen-rich Spülsäumen he is represented as a frequent pioneer plant. Inland it rarely occurs in salty places.

See also: beach plants

System

The first publication of Cakile maritima was known in 1772 by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, also known as Johann Anton Scopoli. Synonyms for Cakile maritima Scop. are Bunias Cakile L. pinnatifida and Cakile Stokes.

In Europe, sometimes four or five subspecies are mentioned, some of which differ based on the fruit:

• Cakile maritima Scop. subsp. maritima (syn.: .. Cakile maritima subsp integrifolia ( Hornem. ) Greuter & Burdet ex HYL ) - mainly on the North Sea and Mediterranean coast occurring, the lower fruit member has only a very short appendages.
• Cakile maritima subsp. baltica ( Jord. ex Rouy & Foucaud ) HYL. ex PWBall ( Syn: .. Cakile baltica Jord ex Pobed ) - growing almost exclusively on the Baltic coast, the lower fruit member has recurved appendage
• Cakile maritima subsp. aegyptiaca ( Willd.) Nyman ( syn.. Cakile aegyptiaca Willd ) - mainly to be found in the Mediterranean.
• Cakile maritima subsp. islandica ( Gand. ) HYL. ex Elven - mainly in northern Scandinavia, the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland occurring
• Cakile maritima subsp. euxina ( Pobed. ) Nyár. ( Syn: . Cakile euxina Pobed ) - Home to the area of ​​the Black Sea.

Use

Leaves, stems and flower buds can be eaten raw or cooked. They are rich in vitamin C, but bitter taste. They are mainly used as a spice. Very young leaves can be added to salads. Dried and ground roots powder can be used for baking bread mixed with flour. The seeds contain a high-fat oil.

Swell

• James E. Rodman: Cakile in the Flora of North America, Volume 7, 2010, p 425: Cakile maritima Scop. subsp. maritima - text online at efloras.org. ( Description section )
• European sea rocket. In: FloraWeb.de.
• Ruprecht Duell, Herfried Kutzelnigg: Pocket Dictionary of Plants in Germany. 7th edition, Quelle & Meyer Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1