Calycanthaceae

Californian spice bush ( Calycanthus occidentalis)

The spice bush plants ( Calycanthaceae ) are a family in the order of the laurel -like ( Laurales ). The name is derived from the Greek and means " flower chalice ".

  • 6.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

They are evergreen or deciduous woody plants: Small trees and shrubs. You have Siebröhrenplastiden S type. Some species form from rhizomes. They contain essential oils and scented by aromatic. The leaves are stalked towards permanent, simple and leathery. The leaf blade is pinnately and often glandular - dotted. The leaf margin is almost always smooth; rare in fast-growing branches, the leaf edges are slightly serrated. Stipules absent.

Generative features

The flowers appear singly at the ends of leafy short shoots. The hermaphrodite flowers are spirally constructed with a distinctly hollow, so constricted floral axis, also known as flower cup ( hypanthium ) called (hence the name ). The Hypantium is often surrounded by bracts. Each flower contains many (15 to 30), often beautifully colored, free bloom, they continuously change from calyx -to kronblattartig. There are many (15 to 55) stamens, which are ten to 25 kronblattartige staminodes, which are distributed between five and 30 fertile stamens. There are five to 45, in Idiospermum usually one to rarely three, free, upper permanent carpels present, each with two ovules; in this they differ from the other families of the Laurales. The free, sleek style each terminating in a dry scar. The flowers have thus relatively original features. Pollination is by insects ( mainly beetles) ( entomophily ).

The dark reddish - brown, cylindrical, hairy fruit ( sometimes called achenes ) are surrounded by enlarged, fleshy hypanthium ( a so-called Pseudokarp ); both together form the diasporas. The fruits are often grouped into collecting fruits. The seeds are poisonous. Endosperm is none available.

Dissemination

Your site is disjoint. Apart from the Australian Idiospermum austr Aliense the species occur only in the Holarctic: in North America and East Asia, but not in Europe. Fossils, which are expected to Calycanthaceae, date back to the Early Cretaceous. Some species are grown as ornamental plants in parks and gardens, in Central Europe, not all species hardy.

System

The Calycanthaceae are the sister group to all other families of the order Laurales.

The spice bush plants ( Calycanthaceae ) family is divided into two subfamilies with three genera and about eleven species:

  • Subfamily Calycanthoideae: With two or three genera: Spice bushes ( Calycanthus L., Syn: Butneria Duhamel, and some authors Sinocalycanthus ( WCCheng & SYChang ) WCCheng & SYChang ): With usually only two types in the western and southeastern North America. ( They are used as ornamentals ): Real spice bush ( Calycanthus floridus L., syn. Calycanthus glaucus Willd, Calycanthus fertilis Walter, Calycanthus nanus ( Loiseleur - Deslongchamps ) Small, Calycanthus brockianus Ferry & Ferry f, Calycanthus mohrii (Small) Pollard ), deciduous shrub. Other German trivial name: Karolina cloves pepper, spice bush flowers Rich, wine -herb.
  • Californian spice bush ( Calycanthus occidentalis Hook. & Arn. )
  • Chimonanthus campanulatus R.H.Chang & C.S.Ding
  • Chimonanthus grammatus M.C.Liu
  • Chimonanthus nitens Oliver
  • Chinese winter flower ( Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link, Syn: Calycanthus praecox L.; Chimonanthus yunnanensis WW Sm ): used as an ornamental plant.
  • Chimonanthus salicifolius S.Y.Hu
  • Chimonanthus zhejiangensis M.C.Liu
  • Sinocalycanthus chinensis WCCheng & SYChang ( Syn: Calycanthus chinensis (WC Cheng & Chang SY ) PT Li). Morphological and molecular data show that this species belongs in Calycanthus.
  • Subfamily Idiospermoideae: With only one monotypic genus: Idiospermum: 's home with only one type, in the north-eastern Australia (Queensland ): Idiospermum austr Aliense ( Diels ) STBlake ( Syn: Calycanthus australiensis Diels )

Only a synonym of Calycanthaceae Lindl. is the formerly independent with a single type family Idiospermaceae STBlake.

Terms and Ingredients

Some species are used as ornamental plants for parks and gardens.

Calycanthus species contain a strychnine -like alkaloid, calycanthine is toxic.

The bark of Calycanthus floridus is used as a dried spice, it is a substitute for cinnamon. It should be noted that the Calycanthus species are toxic. Since the leaves of Calycanthus floridus contain some camphor used to repel insects, as a perfume and for disinfection. Calycanthus occidentalis from a dye is obtained from the flowers, and are made from the branches baskets. The flowers of Chimonanthus praecox are cooked, then washed and then eaten from them and perfume is made. Therapeutic effects of various types have been studied.

Pictures

Real spice bush ( Calycanthus floridus ):

Flowering and simple leaves

Blossom from the side of a leafy short shoot

Chinese winter flower ( Chimonanthus praecox ):

Habit with flowers

Flowers

Branches with flowers from below

Branch with flowers in their natural position on short shoots

Diaspore from fruit and flower parts

Swell

  • The Calycanthaceae family in APWebsite. (Section Description and systematics)
  • The Calycanthaceae family at DELTA. ( Description section )
  • George P. Johnson: Calycanthaceae in the Flora of North America, Volume 3: - Online. ( Description section )
  • Bingtao Li & Bruce Bartholomew: Calycanthaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 7, page 92: Family Description - Online. (Section Description and systematics)
  • Yannick M. Staedler, Peter H. Weston † & Peter K. Endress: Comparative Structure and gynoecium development in Calycanthaceae ( Laurales ), in the International Journal of Plant Sciences, Volume 170, Number 1, 2009, pp. 21-41.
John Lindley Disjunct distribution Hardiness (plants) Agricultural Research Service
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