Capital (architecture)

The capital ( on the last syllable to emphasize, from Latin capitellum " brains " to caput "head" ), formerly also called chapiter, the upper end of a column, an ante, a pier or a pilaster.

The capital is plastically clearly formed. It is an important ornamental element and mostly floral, with volutes, or executed figurative. In the course of history, diverse manifestations of the capitals have developed that examines the stylistics. The transition from round to square the column cover plate is the formal basic theme of the column capital.

In Greek architecture, the capitals are divided into three main types that are specified in the order of columns: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian capitals.

List Capitals

A

• Adlerkapitell: capital with eagles, mainly in the Romanesque architecture. Often composed of four standing in the chapter Licking eagles.
• Achämenidisches capital: see Persian capital
• Egyptian capital: are Lotuskapitell, Lilienkapitell, Papyruskapitell and Zeltstangenkapitell.
• Akanturkapitell
• Akanthuskapitell: See Corinthian capitals, see also acanthus
• Antenkapitell: see Antenkapitell
• Aeolian capital: The Aeolian capital is named after the Greek coastline Aeolian, in the Aeolian capital is mainly found. This is the original form of the Ionic capital. The capital consists of a wreath drooping leaves with a leaf pommel. Then there are two upward facing volutes. Between the volutes a palmette grows out.
• Ancient Capital: This is the collective term for all the capitals of the Greeks and Romans. These include the Aeolian capital which Antenkapitell, the Doric capital, the Ionic capital, the Corinthian capital and the composite capital

B

• Bilderkapitell: see decorated with human figures
• Blattkapitell: A provided with stylized or realistic leaves capital is called Blattkapitell. An ancient capitals here, see for example acanthus use (see Corinthian capital ). This capital was transferred to stylistic variations of the Romanesque architecture. Local leaf shapes like maple leaves, oak leaves, ivy leaves and vine leaves were first lifelike later increasingly stylized Gothic used. A mixed form with flowers can be found in the medieval capitals. During the Renaissance, Baroque and Classicism in the classic form of the Corinthian capital was used with acanthus leaves again.
• Blütenkapitell: Typical Blütenkapitelle are the Egyptian Lotuskapitell, Lilienkapitell and Papyruskapitell. In the Middle Ages blooms also occur in capitals, but always mixed with leaves. This hybrid is called Blattkapitell.
• Byzantine capital

D

• Doldenkapitell: A Blütenkapitell wherein the petals are opened Doldenkapitell called. These capitals are widely spreading.
• Doppelwürfelkapitell: When Doppelwürfelkapitell are two semi-circular arches on each of the side faces side by side.
• Doric capital: The construction of a Doric capitals is the column shaft starting a notch, the columns neck ( Hypotrachelion ), the straps or rings ( Anuli ), the actual capital which is overlaid with a bead or pad ( Echinus ) to the column, and as Finally, the square plate ( abacus ). See also: Doric order.

F

• Faltenkapitell: Romanesque capital
• Decorated with human figures, figurative capitals: This also Bilderkapitell mentioned Kapitellform humans, animals and mythical creatures are depicted. These figures are partly united into complete scenes, often a whole legend shown on the capitals of a series of arches. This Kapitellform occurring already in late antiquity, however, is found mainly in the Romanesque architecture in France since 1100.

B

• Hathor Capital
• Nabatäisches or horns - capital

I

• Ionic capital: with two spirals in the Capital, the volutes. See also: Ionic order. Classical form ...
• Medieval form ...
• Ionic Renaissance Capital

K

• Kämpferkapitell
• Kelchblockkapitell: the lower part of the capital in cup shape (ie upwards conically widening ), the upper part is designed as a square block Romanesque capitals
• Kelchkapitell up conically widens capital, usually by going round, the reconciliation will only be squared with the cover plate.
• Knollenkapitell
• Bud capital: capital with leaf buds, typical form of early Gothic architecture, mostly in slim shape of a cup; (French chapiteau à crochets ).
• Composite capital: For a variety of existing, not original parts belonging together capital. A capital, which consists of two parts. For example: A Corinthian capital on which an ionic statements have been placed. It only came to the Romans, therefore, helps to distinguish Greek and Roman columns.
• Korbkapitell capital with braided ribbons, Byzantine
• Corinthian capital: see also Corinthian Order Precursor: Precursors of the Corinthian capital are either considered double volutes, capitals or ionic Halsmantelkapitelle. The distribution of the oldest Corinthian capitals on the Peloponnese create a reference close to the Peloponnesian also double volutes, capitals.
• Classic ... Form: The Kapitellkörper called kalathos surrounded, two staggered, different levels of wreaths of eight stylized acanthus leaves. From the Eckblättern be called Caules who dismissed two plant stems to varying degrees each formed to develop. The stronger, volute -called stem growing opposition to the Abakusecke, while the smaller, Helix -called stalk turns to the center of each visible surface of the Kapitellkörpers. The volutes support were, the abacus, the sides of which are curved concave. A rosette adorns the center or Abakusblume each of the four Abakusseiten.
• Medieval form ...

L

• Lilienkapitell
• Lotosknospenkapitell

M

• Mukarnaskapitell

N

• Nabatäisches capital

O

• Ochsenkopfkapitell

P

• Palmenkapitell: Egyptian capital
• Palmette papyrus capitals: Egyptian Capital The capital is alternately pointed palm fronds and small closed papyrus umbels. The whole thing was a contrasting color against each other. This capital can be found in the Temple of Philae.
• Papyruskapitell: Egyptian capital Papyruskapitell is the collective term for all Egyptian capitals, where the papyrus is modeled. Papyrusdoldenkapitell: Egyptian capital
• Papyrusknospenkapitell: Egyptian capital
• Palmette papyrus capitals: Egyptian Capital The capital is alternately pointed palm fronds and small closed papyrus umbels. The whole thing was a contrasting color against each other. This capital can be found in the Temple of Philae.

R

• Renaissance Capital
• Romanesque capital: are Pfeifenkapitell, Pilzkapitell, Würfelkapitell, Kelchblockkapitell ...

S

• Schildkapitell: Romanesque capital Schildkapitell This is an early Romanesque Würfelkapitell, in which the flat vertical surfaces are provided with slightly profiled semi-circular shields. It is found mainly in Lombardy, which is why it is also called the Lombard capital.
• Stalaktitenkapitell occurs in Islamic architecture.
• Sistrumkapitell: Egyptian capital
• Sofa capital

T

• Tellerkapitell
• Tuscan capital
• Trapezkapitell
• Tschakra capital of the Indian memorial columns

V

• Volutenkapitell

W

• Weinblattkapitell: Romanesque capital
• Würfelkapitell: Romanesque capital. The Würfelkapitell is in the Ottonian period (10th - early 11th century ) used Kapitellform. The capital is cube-shaped with rounded corners below.

Z

• Zeltstangenkapitell: Egyptian capital. The Zeltstangenkapitell is an extremely rare -to-find capital of Egyptian architecture. The bell shape of the capital is similar to the bell-shaped attachment on the tent poles, whence it takes its name. Zeltstangenkapitelle were built only in the 18th Dynasty at Karnak and Thebes.
• Zungenblattkapitell: Romanesque capital
• Ziegelwürfelkapitell The Ziegelwürfelkapitell looks like a Trapezkapitell and is made at the edges of the abraded bricks produced.

Doppelkapitell

Doppelwürfelkapitell

Doric capital

Decorated with human figures

Figurative capital

Hathor Capital

Ionic capital

Kelchknospenkapitell

Composite capital

Köpfekapitell

Corinthian capital

Persian capital

Rankenkapitell

Tuscan capital

Würfelkapitell ( double plate)

Zungenblattkapitell