Chechen language

Spoken in

  • Northeast Caucasian languages Nachische languages Vejnachische languages Chechen

Ce

Che

Che

Chechen (proper name: Noxçiyn mott / Нохчийн мотт ) belongs to the group of nachischen languages ​​within the Northeast Caucasian languages ​​. It is mutually intelligible with the Ingush and intermediate dialects. Both languages ​​together form the group of vejnachischen languages.

  • 3.1 Nominal Morphology
  • 3.2 pronouns
  • 3.3 Verbal morphology

History

The Chechen written language was created after the October Revolution, and in the 1920s began to use Latin instead of the Arabic alphabet. 1938 the Cyrillic alphabet was (for example аь [ æ ], оь [ ø ], уь [y ], хӀ [h ] ) subject to adjustments ( digraphs ) for the Chechen phonemes, for which there is no equivalent in the Cyrillic alphabet. In recent years, a variant of the Latin alphabet is also used again, which was created under the influence of Turkish (such as / ş / for [ ʃ ] ). Living in Jordan, Turkey and Syria Chechens can indeed speak this language fluently in general, but not write. Furthermore, the variants of the Chechen in Jordan, Syria and Turkey have taken loan words from the corresponding traffic languages ​​that are unknown in Kaukasustschetschenisch, and can therefore lead to ( minor ) difficulties in understanding (for example, the word for " bus " in the Caucasus Chechen from Russian borrowed ( автобус, plural автобусаш ), Chechens in Turkey the Turkish word otobüs borrowed ( отобуьс, plural отобуьсаш ) ).

Phonology

A characteristic of the Chechen language is their rich consonant and vowel system.

The Chechen language used about 31 consonants (depending on the dialect and analysis). In contrast to most other Caucasian languages ​​there are also many vowels and diphthongs, about 27 (depending on the dialect and analysis). No writing system, which was used until now for that language could play the vowels exactly.

Consonants

Vowels

Grammar

The Chechen has 6 nominal classes or genera and 13 case ( including local cases ) and is a Ergativsprache. The morphology shows both the noun and the verb a number of Ablauterscheinungen. There are many tense forms. The basic word order is subject-object - verb, but also object - verb-subject happens.

Nominal morphology

Nouns inflect according to case and number, usually by case suffixes. The local cases occur mainly in connection with place names ( in the singular):

Pronouns

In the personal pronouns, a distinction in the first person plural a " inclusive " and "exclusive ". In the first case, this means that the speaker involves the audience with. For example, " we eat (incl. ) " must be " well I eat and you eat " is understood as. In the case of exclusive listeners are excluded from the plot.

Possessive pronouns

Verbal morphology

Verbs are congruent ( if any) only with the class of the actants in the nominative. In this case, the class letter changes (below with д * marked).

Со цхьан сахьтехь вогІур ву I (man ) will come in an hour

Со цхьан сахьтехь йогІур ю I (female) would come in an hour

Tenses are formed by ablaut or suffixes, or both (there are a total of five conjugations, we introduce here only to ). Many verbs can be derived by means of suffixes ( causative, etc.):

Vocabulary

The Erbwortschatz the Chechen includes approximately 3000 words, still there are many loan words from Russian, the Turkic, Arabic and some from the Persian, the Alans ( Ossetian ) and the Georgian. Chechen and Ingush scientists believed connections to the ancient cuneiform languages ​​Hurrian and Urartian to have found; However, this hypothesis can not be confirmed.

The Chechen is a lexicographic challenge as the creation of new words lies more in the fixation of whole expressions as in the combination of existing words. It can be difficult to decide which expressions belong in a dictionary.

Dialects

  • Äkkisch
  • Tschiantisch
  • Tschiebarloisch
  • Mälchisch
  • Nochtschmachkchoisch
  • Orstchoisch
  • Scharoisch
  • Schuotoisch
  • Tierloisch
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