Chrysobalanaceae

Maranthes polyandra, branches with simple, leathery leaves and stone fruits

The gold plum plants ( Chrysobalanaceae ) are a family in the order of Malpighienartigen ( Malpighiales ) within the angiosperms. This family of widely distributed, especially in the tropics, contains around 17 to 18 genera with 400-460 species. Some species (eg Chrysobalanus icaco, Acioa edulis ), the fruits are eaten and some species of the wood used.

• 4.1 Notes and references
• 4.2 Further Reading

Description

Habitus and sheets

There are shrubs or trees. The relatively slender, richly branched strain has solid wood ( leptocaul ). It is a superfiziales cork cambium present. The Secondary growth in thickness is based on a conventional Kambiumring.

The deciduous leaves are alternate and spirally arranged or distichous ( phyllotaxis ). The mostly short leaf stalks are usually swollen at one or both ends. The simple, fiedernervige leaf blade often has flat glands. The blackish gray leaf veins can be seen particularly clearly in most species. It is often a Schleimepidermis available. The stomata are paracytisch. There are Stipules present.

Inflorescences and flowers

The plants are hermaphroditic, andromonözisch or gynodiözisch. The flowers are single or to many in terminal or axillary, simple or branched, zymosen or racemose inflorescences. The small, weakly to strongly zygomorphic flowers are fünfzählig, mostly with double perianth. There is a flower cup ( hypanthium ) available. The five sepals are fused with unequal calyx lobes. The five petals are fused short nailed with unequal Corolla lobe. Rarely missing petals. There are usually eight to numerous (20 to 300), rarely only two stamens present, which are often very unequal, with each other or fused are free and sometimes stand together in bundles. The pollen grains usually have three, rarely four apertures and are COLPAT or colporate. Part of the stamens can be converted to staminodes. There are one to three upper permanent carpels present; two are usually more or less reduced; if more than one carpel is present then the carpels are fused to a syncarp nodes. Each carpel has two ovules in basal placentation. The ovaries are sometimes divided by a false septum into two compartments, each with only one seed position. The style ends in a simple or three-lobed stigma.

Fruit and seeds

The rather large, stone fruits have a endocarp, which is often inside hairy. The large embryo is well trained.

Ingredients and sets of chromosomes

There are proanthocyanidins: cyanidin or delphinidin available. There are flavonols: kaempferol, quercetin, and / or myricetin available. There are accumulated silicates. The seeds contain unsaturated fatty acids.

The chromosome rates are n = 10, 11

Dissemination

They have their areas in the tropics, subtropics, sometimes, in many parts of the world. At the most species-rich is the Neotropics; the largest number of genera recorded Africa including Madagascar. Many species thrive in lowland rainforests.

System

The Chrysobalanaceae the family was in 1818 by Robert Brown in James Hingston Tuckey: published Usually called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816, S. 433: Narrative of an expedition to explore the river Zaire. Type genus is Chrysobalanus L. Synonyms for Chrysobalanaceae R.Br. are Hirtellaceae Horan. and Licaniaceae Martynov. These taxa were incorporated by De Candolle, Bentham and Hooker, Engler and Prantl or John Hutchinson as a subfamily or tribe Chrysobalanoideae Chrysobalaneae in the family Rosaceae.

The Chrysobalanaceae family is divided into four tribes with 17-18 genera and 400-460 species:

• Tribus Couepieae Prance & F.White: It contains three genera: Acioa Aubl. ( Syn: . Griffonia Hook f ): The approximately four species are widespread in the Neotropics.
• Couepia Aubl. The approximately 70 species are common to the tropical South America from Mexico.
• Maranthes flower ( Syn: Exitelia flower): Of the approximately ten twelve species occur in tropical Africa, one is widespread in tropical Asia and a kind native to Panama.

• Tribus Chrysobalaneae: it contains six genera: Afrolicania Mildbr. Contains only one type: Nico walnut ( Afrolicania elaeosperma Mildbr. ): The home is the tropical West Africa.

• Licania caldasiana Cuatrec. Considered extinct and occurred in Colombia.

• Neocarya macrophylla (Sabine ) Prance ex F.White: It grows in coastal savannas in West Africa.

• Tribus Hirtelleae Prance & F.White: it contains five genera: Atuna Raf. ( Syn: Cyclandrophora Hassk. ): The eight species are distributed from India to the Pacific Islands.
• Dactyladenia Welw. The approximately 30 species are widespread in Africa.
• Hirtella L. (syn.: Brya Vell, Causea Scop, Salmasia Schreb, Sphenista Raf, Tachibota Aubl, Thelyra Thouars, Zamzela Raf.. .. .. ): It contains 105 species.
• Kostermanthus Prance: The approximately three species occur in the Indonesian archipelago.
• Magnistipula Engl: The approximately twelve species are widespread in tropical Africa and in Madagascar.

• Tribus Parinarieae Prance & F.White: it contains four genera: Bafodeya Prance ex F.White: it contains only one type: Bafodeya benna (Scott -Elliot ) Prance ex F.White: It grows at altitudes between 700 and 1000 meters in Guinea and Sierra Leone.

Swell

• The Chrysobalanaceae in APWebsite family. ( Section systematics and description)
• The Chrysobalanaceae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz family. ( Description section )
• Description of the family in the flora of Western Australia. ( Description section )
• Ghillean T. Prance & Cynthia A. Sothers: Chrysobalanaceae 1: Chrysobalanus to Parinari and Chrysobalanaceae 2: Acioa to Magnistipula in Species plantarum. Flora of the World. , Part 9 and 10, Australian Biological Resources, Canberra, 2003. ISBN 0-642-56832-4 ISBN 0-642-56833-2 and
• Ghillean T. Prance, DJ Rogers & F. White A taxi metric study of an angiosperm family: generic delimitation in the Chrysobalanaceae. in New Phytologist, Volume 68, Issue 4, 1969, pp. 1203-1234: PDF Online. (Section history of systematics)