Cine film

As a small film all film formats are referred to, which are narrower than the 35 mm wide standard film. The photographic recording material is used in motion picture cameras, as well as some cameras with special recording formats.

Formats and Assemblies

Film formats still in use today are:

  • Double -8 [ International " Double 8 ", abbreviation "D- 8", not to be confused with the consumer video format " Digital8 " ] ( after the development to Regular 8 film): perforated width 16 mm, both film edges. It is a first half of the film exposed, and then in the return line, the other half. The image stroke varies depending together with a perforation. After the development, the film is cut longitudinally into two 8 mm wide strips ( split ). Introduced in 1932, double -8 is not compatible with double super 8, just as normal -8 with Super -8. Two different widths Magnettonpisten can be applied.
  • Super -8 [abbr "S -8" ]: width 8 mm, a film edge perforated, compared with normal -8 significantly smaller perforation. The frame line is ever between two perforations. Field of view size: 5.46 × 4.01 mm [ width × height]. Two different widths Magnettonpisten can be applied. Copies could be made with optical sound temporarily. Presented at the 1964 Photokina and 1965 at IPEX.
  • Single-8: Same dimensions as Super 8 and after development, without limitation, compatible with Super-8 projectors, but other cassettes for other cameras and other film base. This allows, in contrast to the Super 8 cartridge film rewind or rewind. In addition, the film pressure plate is part of the camera. Two different widths Magnettonpisten can be applied; since 1965 in the trade.
  • Double Super -8 [ International " Double Super 8" or "DS -8" ]: Width 16 mm, both film edges perforated. If, as the conventional double - 8 film used, but has Super 8 perforation. Interesting way as in Single-8, to circumvent the technical drawbacks of Super 8 cartridge. Since 1966 on the market.
  • (9.5 mm Pathé Baby film ): width 9,525 mm. Perforation on middle of the film. The 9.5 - mm film has the greatest material advantage of all film formats ( 72%). Other advantages: Because of the wide frame line invisible bonds are possible. The image size and thus the resolution is close to the 16- mm film. However, the cameras are part much handier than 16 mm units. 2 magnetic soundtracks is possible. Copies were also made with temporarily optical sound. The 9.5 -mm film was urged by the later introduced Formats 16 mm and 8 mm in the background and has today only in France and England a certain distribution, it is named after the French company Pathé. On the market since December 1921 in the form of commercially available copies of the Pathé Baby projector. In 1922 appeared the first Pathé Baby camera along with film stock.
  • 16 mm: width ⅝ inch original ( 15.875 mm), basic installation of the frame 0.3 " × 0.4" [ height width ] (7.62 × 10.16 mm). Initially perforated on both sides, there is a 16 mm film with only one row of holes. One-sided perforated films can wear tracks full width. Worldwide popular semi-professional film format with enormous possibilities. Before the introduction of the VCR TV shows were archived using this format, rotated until the introduction of professional camcorder in the 1980s, all television reports it. Introduced in 1923.

The variety super 16 film has a larger field of view of 7.42 to 12.35 mm and no soundtrack. It is only used as recording format. Ultra -16 is another variant of use of the surface over almost the entire width of the film, respectively withdrawn vertically between the perforation holes.

Some small film formats that are no longer in use today:

  • Duplex / Monoplex: width 9.5 mm. The film was transversely through the camera had, such as double - film 8, are reversed after the exposure of one half, and was cleaved after development. This gave only a 4.75 mm wide film. At the time, the most economical film format on the market.
  • Easy -8 ( Straight 8 ): Width 8 mm. To avoid the hassle of flipping the exposed half the film came in the 1930s in the U.S. cameras for cassettes with single 8 film on the market. In 1936 there were in Germany under the name of AGFA MOVEX a cassette with 10 m 8 mm film. Both systems could not prevail. The AGFA cartridge but later formed the model for the technically higher standing Single-8 cartridge.
  • 17.5 mm: There were at least four different movie formats with 17.5 mm width. Significant proliferation was doing only the French " Pathé Rural" system. Initially silent, the copies were later provided with optical sound. So the cinema could be brought in the smallest villages. For self- recording, the format was not designed to do, but later also a camera for it appeared on the market.
  • 28.5 mm (1 ⅛ " ): an early home theater format in France under the name " "a certain distribution was Pathé Kok, 1912 published.

History and Development

1889 Kodak introduced transparent film on nitrocellulose pad ago, the forerunner of the later narrow films. 1908 Kodak produced the first safety film on Azetatzellulose pad and thus created the conditions for the gradual abolition of the flammable nitrate film carrier. 1923 was introduced by Kodak 16- mm reversal film on safety base. 1932 Kodak introduced the double-eight film created by dividing the 16 -mm film and thus much more economical and was affordable for the amateur film market. The amateur films has been widely used. The first 16mm reversal color film Kodak introduced the market before 1935, which was a year later supplied as a miniature film and 8 -mm material. Of 1964, Kodak before the then new Super - 8 program and took it in 1965 to the market.

In the 1970s, in the era before video technology, the cine film was the most popular film medium, especially for home users, but also B-movies were recorded in this movie format. Externally synchronized Magnettonbänder were used for the production of sound films in part, were mechanically or electronically coupled to the small film projector.

Dubbing to DVD and Video

Reproduction of cine film was difficult and very costly in the private sector. Today, there is the option of copying the narrow films on video or DVD, and further processed.

The recording of the narrow film from the screen with a video camera leads to unsatisfactory results because neither the image frequency matches ( which leads to light-dark fluctuations and blurring ), nor the light intensity at each point of the image is equal to ( what lighter to a middle and lower exposures at the edges leads ). Professional use copying facilities, as well as, for example, television stations, film scanner with single image scan.

But the results of copying facilities are not always optimal and also relatively expensive. For the amateur who has something bastlerisches skill and applies the necessary patience, but there is a procedure that gives very good results and is also fairly inexpensive. This is the method of film digitization by means of a good flat bed scanner.

Very good results are obtained by direct sampling of narrowband film. Here, the films are not projected or scanned, but recorded in the movie window converted projectors. For this, the speed of the projector is modified. Special lamp with brightness control and special lens are essential. One then obtains a flicker-free video with no hotspot and without blur.

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