Cinematograph

As Cinématographe or cinematograph, originally Kinetoscope de projection, referred to apparatuses of the Lumière company, the film camera, photocopier and movie projector were in a ( reversible ). In contrast to Dickson used the Lumières 35 - mm film, simple perforation and gripper. The first closed the show with Cinématographe took place on March 22, 1895, the first public on 28 December 1895.

Before the brothers Lumière cinematograph under the name of French inventor Léon Guillaume Bouly already been patented in 1892.

Technical Description

The gripper mechanism

It is the first film- technological apparatus with gripper mechanism. In the present state of research a first model from the chief mechanic of the photographic plate factory, Charles Moisson (1863-1943), in 1894 on behalf of the family, notably Auguste Lumière, secretly built something, in line with the sewing machine comes a perforated gripper mechanism (Fig.. 46 and 47).

The circular eccentric cam on the central shaft holes of the film leading to a heavy load, which also consists of circular holes. The hole spacing and thus the film step is 20 millimeters, the perforations have a diameter of 2.8 millimeters. The positioning distance is 2. The rows are separated by 28 mm, the image box measures 20 by 25 millimeters.

The orbiform

During the year 1895, then turned Louis Lumière at the Mechanical Engineering Jules Carpentier with a request to improve the mechanics. This led later named after him cam, which Came Carpentier, the so-called equal thickness (Fig. 1). Paper film could be abandoned in favor of celluloid film.

The raw material of the Lumière films had low 1 ⅜ inches wide, semi- matt cellulose nitrate from the Blair Film Company, which in Lyon with our own emulsion Etiquette bleue ( orthochromatic, about 6 ISO) was watered and perforated with in-house punch. Later Blank film was prepared by the New York Celluloid Company.

The control disk

Well kept the claw tips before entering and withdrawing from the perforation for a moment, whereby the pre-perforated film is significantly spared. The beater bars for advancing and retracting the gripper ( Figure 93) were replaced by a closed control disc. The opening angle in the circular orbit closure is 170 degrees.

The drive is done by hand. The drive shaft is translated with a gear to the main shaft 8 to 1. With two turns of the crank handle of the Cinématographe performs 16 -film circuits.

The Lumière cinematograph used without elastic loops in the film. The incident thereto had the same time another Frenchman, Eugène Augustin Lauste, 1895 when he created the Eidoloscope for the Latham family.

After loosening a knurled nut on the center shaft of the receiving lock can be exchanged for the playback panel. This has can be seen 240 degrees opening angle, as in etching (Fig. 64 ). The positioning distance is now 3.

Historical classification

The first film from the project Domitor from the summer of 1894, the Sortie ouvriers of usines à midi, no longer exists. The resulting version is a trailing on March 19, 1895 strip. The first version was a Bromsilbergelatine negative on paper, from the Louis Lumière produced a single celluloid positive. This came up several times in 1895 for the demonstration, but suffered because of the sinusoidal response of the hook points in the apparatus to be torn perforation.

Carpentier replaced the circular eccentric to grab control by a special cam, after Louis Lumière had described to him the problem. Following the revision of the apparatus in Carpentier, it was a true Réversible.

Carpentier built 200 copies for Société Lumière.

Because of the patent, which held Carpentier on his own apparatus, the Lumières multiple interruption of the light beam in the projection was denied. The belonged in New York City saying "Let's go to the flicks " is related to the demonstrations of the Lumières, which took place in 1896 there. Represent Lumière films flicker is historically false.

The patent drawing (Fig. 95 ) tells part of the story. Carpentier reduced the dark phase with a witty gear to 120 degrees, but quite the projection flicker does not disappear by it.

Economic exploitation

Because of its ease of Cinématographe was quickly spread worldwide. From 1896 the company surgeons sent out with the contract in all directions. These were the first reporter film. Because of the technical limitation to about one minute movie recording lost the film people but over the years, interest in the relatively expensive equipment offered.

1905 gave the Lumières to the project Domitor and sold all of the material and the Pathé Frères patents. They earned their cinematograph and the film trade (converted to March 2009), approximately 65 million euros.