Coefficient of relationship
The kinship coefficient (abbreviated R) calculates the vicinity of the biological relationship between two living beings by the probability that they have inherited the same ( random ) genetic information from each other or a common ancestor. Full compliance of the genetic material is in identical twins and clones artificially produced, because they are genetically identical individuals - hence they have a coefficient of 1.0 (100 percent). In contrast is the statistical probability that any non- closely related two individuals have the same randomly selected genetic information, about 6 percent.
The kinship coefficient makes a mathematical prediction regarding the state form of a gene ( allele) at any location on a chromosome ( locus) in two individuals with common descent, sometimes erroneously referred to in the literature as degree of kinship. Was developed to calculate 1947 by French Biomathematician Gustave Malécot.
Because a parent inherited an estimated 50 percent of its heritage to his direct descendants, is between him and his biological child a kinship coefficient of 0.5: With a 50 percent chance the child a single genetic information is the same as his own. The same coefficients have another full siblings, half siblings as well as grandparents and grandchildren only have a kinship coefficient of 0.25. The more generations back is the last common ancestor, the lower the genetic match is in his descendants shaft:
Inbreeding
By pairing the relatively near kinsman (see inbreeding and inbreeding in humans) changes in the coefficients of kinship of those affected may arise. The so-called inbreeding coefficient of the offspring of two individuals is approximately half their kinship coefficients. For children whose parents are consanguineous cousins 1st degree (R = 0.125 ), the inbreeding coefficient is 6.25 per cent ( see also inbreeding and genetic diseases in humans, Genetic counseling, cousin marriage).
Verwandtenbevorzugung
The height of the coefficients of kinship also plays a role in explaining selfless acts ( altruism ) in humans and animals, or in the social inheritance (see kin selection, for example, the Avunkulat the mother's brother ). In sociobiology and psychobiology allows the height of the kinship coefficient of individuals corresponding predictions about their behavior, which guarantees the own gene have a higher reproductive success.