Combretum

Combretum albidum

The long threads ( Combretum ) is a genus of flowering plants in the family of wing seed plants ( Combretaceae ). The other German trivial name "wing nuts " should be avoided, as it is already assigned to the genus Pterocarya.

• 6.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

The evergreen or deciduous Combretum species are always woody plants that grow rarer as self upright trees or shrubs to semi- shrubs, but usually as lianas. The thin hairs ( trichomes ) are single-celled.

The opposite, whorled, rarely alternate arranged on the branches of leaves usually have petioles that remain sometimes get especially when climbing species as more or less hooked spines. The most simple leaf blades are highly variable depending on the type in the form, most often they are elliptic, oblong- elliptic or broadly ovate. The leaf surfaces are bare or hairy and often scaly striking. Leaf blades often have Domatien.

Inflorescences and flowers

The end, pendant, or between the nodes ( more nodes ) standing aged men, racemose or paniculate inflorescences are simple or compound.

The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry or, more rarely slightly zygomorphic and four or fünfzählig double perianth. The flower cup ( hypanthium ), is divided into lower flower cups, surrounding the ovary and upper tubed flower cups, which is often brightly colored. The usually four or five, rarely more sepals are inserted on the upper end of the flower cup and fused funnel - up bowl-shaped to a maximum length of 2 cm and slightly contracted above the ovary, usually with four or five, rarely more triangular to pfriemlichen or filamentary until flaky calyx teeth. The generally four to five petals can be striking and project beyond the calyx teeth or be small and inconspicuous or even absent. The colors of the petals range from white through yellow and orange to red or purple. There are usually one or mostly two circles, each with four or five stamens present, usually tower above the calyx tube. There may be a bald or hairy discus. The unilocular ovary is inferior. The stylus sometimes ends in a more or less spread scar.

Fruit and seeds

The maximum short -stalked, seeded false fruit ( Pseudokarp ) is usually dry, rarely fleshy and longitudinally four to fünfflügelig to - edged. The pericarp usually thin and papery, sometimes leathery, rarely fleshy. The fruits usually remain closed even at maturity. Depending on the spread of diasporas is done in very different ways.

Synecology

The few species, whose flowers have clearly trained, showy petals are pollinated by enthusiasts ( Sphingidae ).

At some Combretum species the caterpillars of Coeliades eat forestan and Pseudaphelia apollinaris ..

Dissemination

The approximately 250 Combretum species are widespread in the tropics and subtropics. It occurs mainly in tropical and southern Africa, also in the Neotropics, in tropical Asia and Madagascar. A center of diversity is in the Afrotropical region. There are no natural sources of Combretum in Australia and the Pacific Islands. It represents some of the most important woody species of the Sudano - Zambian savannah.

System

The genus Combretum 1758 established by Pehr Loefling in Iter hispanicum, p 308. Type species is Combretum fruticosum ( Loefl. ) Stuntz. Synonyms for Combretum Loefl. are: Aetia Adans, Bureava Baill, Cacoucia Aubl, Calopyxis Tul, Campylochiton Welw. .. .. ex Hiern, Campylogyne Welw. ex Hemsl. , Chrysostachys Pohl, Cristaria Sundays. , Embryogonia Flower, Forsgardia Vell. , Gonocarpus Ham. , Grislea L., Hambergera Scop., Kleinia Crantz, Physopodium Desv. , Poivrea Comm. ex Thouars, Schousboea Willd., Seguiera Rchb. ex Oliv., Sheadendron G.Bertol. , Sphalanthus Jack, Udani Adans .. The approximately 17 species of the genus Quisqualis now also belong to the genus Combretum.

The genus belongs to the subtribe Combretum Combretinae from the tribe Combreteae in the subfamily Combretoideae within the family Combretaceae. Combretum is the type genus of the Combretaceae family.

The genus Combretum is divided into three subgenera:

The genus Combretum contains about 250 species. Here is a selection types:

• Combretum aculeatum Vent.
• Combretum acuminatum Roxb.
• Combretum acutifolium Exell
• Combretum acutum M.A.Lawson
• Combretum adenogonium Steud. ex A.Rich. It is widespread in tropical Africa: Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.
• Combretum adrianii Jongkind: It occurs, for example, in the northern Mozambique.
• Combretum afzelii G.Don
• Combretum alatum Craib
• Combretum albiflorum ( Tul. ) Jongkind
• Combretum album pers.
• Combretum alfredii Hance: It grows at altitudes between about 0 and 800 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, southern Hunan ( Yizhang ), southern Jiangxi ( Longnan ).
• Combretum andongense Engl & Diels
• Combretum andradae Exell & J.G.García
• Combretum angolense Welw. ex M.A.Lawson
• Combretum angustipetalum Chiov.
• Combretum annulatum Craib
• Combretum apetalum Wall. ex short: It occurs in Southeast Asia.
• Combretum aphanopetalum Engl & Diels
• Combretum apiculatum Sond. ; the species occurs in Africa
• Combretum argenteum Bertol.
• Combretum argyrotrichum Welw. ex M.A.Lawson
• Combretum assimile Eichler
• Combretum atropurpureum Engl & Diels
• Combretum aureonitens Engl & Gilg
• Combretum auriculatum Engl & Diels
• Combretum barbatum G.Don
• Combretum batesii Exell
• Combretum bauchiense Hutch. & Dalziel
• Combretum bipindense Engl & Diels
• Combretum blepharopetala Wickens
• Combretum boinensis Jongkind
• Combretum bracteatum ( C.Lawson ) Engl & Diels
• Combretum bracteosum ( Hochst. ) Engl & Diels; the species occurs in South Africa
• Combretum brassiciforme Exell
• Combretum brevistylum Eichler
• Combretum bricchettii Engl & Diels
• Combretum brunneum Engl & Diels
• Combretum butyrosum ( G.Bertol. ) Tul.
• Combretum cacoucia Exell ex Sandwith; the species is only found in South America
• Combretum caffrum ( Eckl. & Zeyh. ) Kuntze; the species occurs in South Africa
• Combretum camporum Engl; the species is found only in Angola and Zaire
• Combretum capitatum De Wild. & Exell
• Combretum capituliflorum Fenzl ex Schweinf.
• Combretum capuronii Jongkind
• Combretum carringtonianum Exell & J.G.García
• Combretum caudatisepalum Exell & J.G.García
• Combretum celastroides Welw. ex M.A.Lawson
• Combretum chinense G.Don
• Combretum chionanthoides Engl & Diels
• Combretum cinereopetalum Engl & Diels
• Combretum cinnabarinum Engl & Diels
• Combretum clarense Jongkind
• Combretum coccineum ( Sonn. ) Lam.; the species is found only on Madagascar and Mauritius
• Combretum collinum Fresen. It is widespread in tropical and southern Africa.
• Combretum comosum G.Don; the species is found only in tropical West Africa
• Combretum conchipetalum Engl & Diels
• Combretum confertum ( Benth. ) M.A.Lawson
• Combretum × confusum Merr. & Rolfe
• Combretum congolanum Liben
• Combretum constrictum ( Benth. ) M.A.Lawson; the species occurs in Africa
• Combretum contractum Engl & Diels
• Combretum copaliferum Chiov.
• Combretum cordofanum Engl & Diels
• Combretum coriifolium Engl & Diels
• Combretum coursianum ( H.Perrier ) Jongkind
• Combretum cufodontii Chiov.
• Combretum cuspidatum Planch. ex Benth.
• Combretum cyclocarpum Chiov.
• Combretum decandrum Jacq.
• Combretum decaryi Jongkind
• Combretum deciduum Collett & Hemsl.
• Combretum demeusei De Wild.
• Combretum discolor Taub.
• Combretum dolichopetalum Engl & Diels
• Combretum dolichopodum Gilg
• Combretum duarteanum Cambess.
• Combretum echirense Jongkind
• Combretum edwardsii Exell
• Combretum elaeagnoides Klotzsch
• Combretum eriogynum ( H.Perrier ) Jongkind
• Combretum erlangerianum Engl ex Diels
• Combretum erosum Jongkind
• Combretum erythrophloeum & Gilg ex Engl Ledermann
• Combretum erythrophyllum ( Burch. ) Sond. It is widespread in Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Swaziland and South Africa.
• Combretum esteriense Jongkind
• Combretum evisceratum ( H.Perrier ) Jongkind
• Combretum exalatum Engl
• Combretum exannulatum ( O.Hoffm. ) Engl & Diels
• Combretum excelsum Keay
• Combretum exellii Jongkind
• Combretum falcatum ( Welw. ex Hiern ) Jongkind; the species occurs in Africa
• Combretum farinosum Kunth; the species occurs in Mexico and Central America
• Combretum flammeum Welw. ex Hiern
• Combretum foliatum Craib
• Combretum frangulifolium Kunth
• Combretum fruticosum ( Loefl. ) Stuntz; the species occurs in Mexico, Central and South America
• Combretum fulvum Keay
• Combretum fuscum Planch. ex Benth.
• Combretum gabonense Exell
• Combretum gallabatense Schweinf.
• Combretum germainii Liben
• Combretum ghesquierei Liben
• Combretum gillettianum Liben
• Combretum glabrum DC.
• Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC.
• Combretum goetzei Engl & Diels
• Combretum goldieanum F.Muell.
• Combretum goossensii De Wild. & Exell
• Combretum gossweileri Exell
• Combretum gracile Schott
• Combretum graciliflorum Stace
• Combretum grandidieri Drake
• Combretum grandiflorum G.Don; the species is found in tropical West Africa
• Combretum harmsianum Diels
• Combretum harrisii Wickens
• Combretum hartmannianum Schweinf.
• Combretum haullevilleanum De Wild.
• Combretum hensii Engl & Diels
• Mouse-eared bat long thread ( Combretum hereroense Schinz ); the species occurs in Africa
• Combretum hilariana D.Dietr.
• Combretum hispidum M.A.Lawson
• Combretum holstii Engl
• Combretum homalioides Hutch. & Dalziel
• Combretum illairii Engl
• Leadwood ( Combretum imberbe Wawra ): It is widely used in Tanzania to Angola, Mozambique, Botswana, Namibia, Limpopo and Mpumalanga.
• Combretum incertum Hand. - Mazz.
• Rangoon creeper ( Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps, Syn: Quisqualis indica L. ); the species occurs in Africa and Asia
• Combretum inflatum Jongkind
• Combretum ivanii Jongkind
• Combretum kasaiense ' Liben
• Combretum kirkii MALawson: In the valley of the Zambezi it is found in Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
• Combretum klossii Ridl.
• Combretum klotzschii Welw. ex M.A.Lawson
• Combretum kostermansii Exell
• Combretum kraussii Hochst.; the species is found in southern Africa
• Combretum kwangsiense H.L.Li
• Combretum lanceolatum Pohl ex Eichler
• Combretum lanuginosum G.Don
• Combretum lasiocarpum Engl & Diels
• Combretum latialatum Engl
• Combretum latifolium Blume
• Combretum laxum Jacq.
• Combretum lecardii Engl & Diels
• Combretum leprosum Mart. ; the species is only found in South America
• Combretum lindense Exell & Mildbr.
• Combretum linear Keay
• Combretum linyenense Hand. - Mazz.
• Combretum lisowskii Jongkind
• Combretum llewelynii J.F.Macbr.
• Combretum lokele Liben Accepted
• Combretum longicollum Jongkind
• Combretum longipilosum Engl & Diels
• Combretum longispicatum (Engl. ) Engl & Diels
• Combretum louisii Liben
• Combretum lukafuensis De Wild.
• Combretum luxenii Exell
• Combretum macrocalyx ( Tul. ) Jongkind
• Combretum mannii G.Lawson ex Engl & Diels
• Combretum marchettii Chiov.
• Combretum mardaf Chiov.
• Combretum marginatum Engl & Diels
• Combretum marquesii Engl & Diels
• Combretum mellifluum Eichler
• Combretum meridionalis ( H.Perrier ) Jongkind
• Kinkeliba ( Combretum micranthum G.Don ); the species is found in tropical West Africa
• Combretum microphyllum Klotzsch: It is widespread in tropical Africa and extends to Mpumalanga and KwaZulu -Natal.
• Combretum minimipetalum Chiov.
• Combretum mkuzense J.D.Carr & Retief
• Combretum moggii Exell
• Combretum molle R.Br. ex G.Don: It is widespread from the Arabian Peninsula across the African continent to the northern and eastern South Africa.
• Combretum monetaria Mart.
• Combretum mooreanum Exell
• Combretum mortehanii De Wild. & Exell
• Combretum mossambicense ( Klotzsch ) Engl: It is widely used by Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Limpopo, Mpumalanga and Northern Cape.
• Combretum mucronatum Schumach. & Thonn. ; the species occurs in Africa
• Combretum multinervium Exell
• Combretum mweroense Baker
• Combretum ndjoleense Jongkind
• Combretum nigrescens King
• Combretum nigricans Lepr. ex Guill. & Perr.
• Combretum nioroense Aubrév. ex Keay
• Combretum niphophilum & Gilg ex Engl Ledermann
• Combretum obangense ( Baker f ) Hutch. & Dalziel
• Combretum obovatum F.Hoffm. Their range includes Tanzania, Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
• Combretum obscurum Tul.
• Combretum octagonum ( H.Perrier ) Jongkind
• Combretum olivaceum Engl
• Combretum oliviforme A.C.Chao
• Combretum oubanguense Exell
• Combretum oudenhovenii Jongkind
• Combretum ovalifollum Roxb. ex G.Don; the species is found in India and Sri Lanka
• Combretum oxygonium ( Tul. ) Jongkind
• Combretum oxystachyum Welw. ex M.A.Lawson
• Combretum oyemense Exell
• Combretum padoides Engl & Diels: It is widespread from tropical Africa to Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu -Natal.
• Combretum paniculatum Vent.; the species occurs in Africa
• Combretum paradoxum Welw. ex M.A.Lawson
• Combretum paraguariense ( Eichler ) Stace
• Combretum parvulum Engl & Diels
• Combretum paucinervium Engl & Diels
• Combretum pavonii G.Don
• Combretum pecoense Exell
• Combretum pentagonum M.A.Lawson
• Combretum perakense M.G.Gangop. & Chakrab.
• Combretum petrophilum Retief
• Combretum phaeocarpum Mart.
• Combretum pilosum Roxb. ex G.Don
• Combretum pisoniiflorum ( Klotzsch ) Engl: It occurs in Malawi, Tanzania and Mozambique.
• Combretum pisonioides Taub.
• Combretum platypetalum Welw. ex M.A.Lawson
• Combretum platypterum ( Welw. ) Hutch. & Dalziel
• Combretum polyanthum Jongkind
• Combretum polystictum Hiern
• Combretum procursum Craib
• Combretum psidioides Welw.
• Combretum punctatum flower
• Combretum purpurascens Hand. - Mazz.
• Combretum purpureiflorum Engl
• Combretum pyramidatum Desv.
• Combretum pyrifolium short
• Combretum quadrangulare short
• Combretum quadratum Craib
• Combretum rabiense Jongkind
• Combretum racemosum P.Beauv.
• Combretum razianum K.G.Bhat
• Combretum relictum Hutch. & Dalziel
• Combretum rhodanthum Engl & Diels
• Combretum richardianum Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
• Combretum riggenbachianum & Gilg ex Engl Ledermann
• Combretum robinsonii FAWC. & Rendle
• Combretum robustum Jongkind
• Combretum robynsii Exell
• Combretum rohrii Exell
• Combretum rotundifolium Rich.; the species is only found in South America
• Combretum rovirosae Exell
• Combretum roxburghii Spreng.; the species occurs in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and China
• Combretum rueppellianum A.Rich.
• Combretum rupicola Ridl.
• Combretum sanjappae Chakrab. & Lakra
• Combretum scandens Liben
• Combretum schumannii Engl
• Combretum schweinfurthii Engl & Diels
• Combretum sericeum G.Don
• Combretum somalense Engl & Diels
• Combretum sordidum Exell
• Combretum sphaeroides ( Tul. ) Jongkind
• Combretum spinosum Bonpl.
• Combretum stefaninianum Pamp.
• Combretum stenopterum Exell
• Combretum stocksii Sprague
• Combretum struempellianum & Gilg ex Engl Ledermann
• Combretum stylesii O.Maurin, Jordaan & AEvan Wyk: This species was described in 2010 and occurs in the Eastern Valley Bushveld, KwaZulu -Natal, South Africa, type of location is the Tugela River Valley.
• Combretum subglabratum De Wild.
• Combretum sublancifolium Chiov.
• Combretum subumbellatum ( Baker) Jongkind
• Combretum sundaicum Miq.
• Combretum tanaense Clark
• Combretum tarquense Clark
• Combretum tenuipetiolatum Wickens
• Combretum tessmannii Gilg ex Engl
• Combretum tetragonocarpum short
• Combretum tetralophoides Slooten
• Combretum tetralophum C.B.Clarke
• Combretum teuschii O.Hoffm.
• Combretum tibatiense & Gilg ex Engl Ledermann
• Combretum tomentosum G.Don
• Combretum towaense Engl & Diels
• Combretum trichophyllum Baker
• Combretum trifoliatum Vent.
• Combretum ulei Exell
• Combretum umbricolum Engl
• Combretum vendae A.E.van Wyk
• Combretum vernicosum Rusby
• Combretum villosum ( Tul. ) Jongkind
• Combretum violaceum ( Tul. ) Jongkind
• Combretum viscosum Exell
• Combretum wallichii DC.
• Combretum wandurraganum R.E.Schult.
• Combretum wattii Exell
• Combretum wilksii Jongkind
• Combretum winitii Craib
• Combretum xanthothyrsum Engl & Diels
• Combretum Youngii Exell
• Combretum yuankiangense C.C.Huang & S.C.Huang
• Combretum zenkeri Engl & Diels
• Combretum zeyheri Sond. It is widespread from tropical Africa to Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland and KwaZulu -Natal.

The following species are sometimes assigned to other genera:

• Combretum macrocarpum P.Beauv. Became a Petersianthus macrocarpus ( P.Beauv. ) Liben and is classified in the family of Lecythidaceae.

Use

Many species, such as Kinkeliba ( Combretum micranthum ), are used in traditional medicine in Africa and India.

Swell

• Jie Chen & Nicholas J. Turland: Combretaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 13, 2007, page 316: Online. ( Description section )
• AW Exell: Flora Zambesiaca, Volume 4, 1978: Combretaceae: Combretum Loefl. ( Description section )
• Olivier Maurin: Dissertation, University of Johannesburg, December 2009: A phylogenetic study of the family Combretaceae with emphasis on the genus Combretum in Africa: Full text PDF. (Section Description, systematics and distribution )