Commelinaceae

Fragrant screw thread ( Cochliostema odoratissimum )

The Commelina family ( Commelinaceae ) are a family in the order of Commelina -like ( Commelinales ) within the angiosperms ( Magnoliopsida ). The botanical name honors the Dutch botanist January Commelin and Caspar Commelin.

They are mostly native to the tropics and sub- tropics. Some species tend to be neophytes for naturalizing. In temperate latitudes, some taxa of this family are known as ornamental plants, especially as houseplants.

• 4.1 Notes and references

Description

Habitus and sheets

There are rare one-year ( for example, all Tinantia species) usually evergreen, perennial herbaceous plants to succulent, sometimes woody at the base of something. Species in arid areas form rhizomes or tubers as outlasting. They grow independently upright, crawling, hanging or climbing ( for example Palisota thollonii ) and a few species as epiphytes ( for example, both Cochliostema species and Belosynapsis vivipara ). The young stems often break easily at the nodes ( more nodes ). To the stoma usually four or six, rarely two subsidiary cells are arranged very characteristic.

In almost all Commelinaceae needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals ( raphides ) are in rows ( " Raphidenkanälen " ) available - they are missing only in Cartonema. Himalayan micro-hairs are present in all Commelinoideae - but they are missing in all Cartonematoideae ( an important feature for the two subfamilies to separate ).

The alternate and spirally or two lines in a basal rosette or on the stem are arranged distributed leaves are petiolate or sessile and easy. The leaves are often more or less fleshy or herbaceous. Often the leaf sheath surrounds the stem part. The simple leaf blade is parallel-veined and entire.

Inflorescences, flowers and pollination

The flowers are individually rare, but usually too many in unbranched or branched inflorescences, which are composed of cymes. Sometimes large bracts are present.

The most hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual flowers are triple and radial symmetry to strongly zygomorphic. There are some monoecious ( monoecious ) and dioecious ( dioecious ) getrenntgeschlechtige species. The two circles each with three not the same multiform bracts are divided into sepals and petals. The three sepals are usually free or rarely fused at their base. The usually three, sometimes nailed petals are often free; sometimes one petal is colored differently or more or less strongly reduced until only two petals are visible. The petals may be white, blue to purple or rarely yellow (but with all Cartonematoideae ). There are two circles, each with three free stamens present. Either all fertile stamens or only two or three to rarely just one thing, then staminodes are present. The stamens often have conspicuous hairs. The anthers sometimes have appendages. The most sulcaten, two-celled pollen grains usually have a Aperturat or rarely two to four. The three carpels are a superior ovaries fused with one to several ovules per ovary chamber. The simple style ends in a small or enlarged scar.

Pollination is entomophilous or autogamous. It will not produce nectar, but many species have a very special Anlockungsmechanismus: There shall be two different stamen types, in addition to the fertile stamens, there are bright yellow, so-called "feed stamens " that attract pollinators by producing less pollen that serve these insects as food. In some species, special hairs on the stamens are formed which serve as pollinators food.

Fruits, seeds and seedlings

There are usually two to dreifächerige formed, mostly dry, rarely fleshy, berry- like ( Pollia ) capsule fruits. Sometimes berries ( Palisota ) are formed. The fruits contain a few large, starchy seeds.

There is usually one cotyledon ( cotyledon ), but sometimes there are two available. A hypocotyl internode is often present, sometimes it is long, or, for example, it is absent in Cyanotis.

Sets of chromosomes and ingredients

The chromosome numbers are different: mostly n = 6-16, n = 4-29 are possible but. Of ingredients, for example, cyanidin, proanthocyanidins, alkaloids and saponins Cyanotis may be present depending on the taxon.

System

The taxa of the former families Cartonemataceae Pichon, Ephemeraceae and Tradescantiaceae Salisb. today belong to the family of Commelina family ( Commelinaceae ).

The family is divided into two subfamilies, each with two tribes and a total of about 40 genera, 652 species (as of July 2009):

• Commelinoideae Eaton: There are always micro glandular hairs and raphides present. With two tribes with 38 genera and 640 species: Tribus Comme lineae ( Meisner ) Thread & D. Hunt: With 13 genera: Aneilema R.Br.: With 65 species, mainly in Africa, but also with a kind in America
• Anthericopsis Engl, with only one type in the tropical East Africa
• Buforrestia CBClarke, with three species in Africa and South America
• Tagblumen ( Commelina L.): (including Phaeosphaerion Hassk, Commelinopsis Pichon. ) Mainly with 170 species in the tropics and subtropics; with more than houseplants suitable species
• Dictyospermum Wight: With four to five species in tropical Asia.
• Floscopa Lour. Pantropisch with about 20 species.
• Murdannia Royle: With 50 to species in the tropics and subtropics, mainly in Asia.
• Pollia Thunb. With about 20 species in the tropics
• Polyspatha Benth., With three species in tropical Africa
• Pseudo Paris H.Perrier, with three species in Madagascar
• Rhopalephora Hasskarl: With four species in Africa (Madagascar) and southern Asia to the Pacific Islands.
• Stanfieldiella Brenan, with four species in tropical Africa
• Tricarpelema JKMorton: With approximately seven species from the Himalayas to Indonesia (Borneo ) and the Philippines.

• Subtribe Palisotinae thread & D.Hunt: with only one genus: Palisota Reichb. , With about 25 species in tropical Africa

• Aetheolirion Forman, with only one type: Aetheolirion stenolobium Forman, Thailand

• Streptolirion volubile Edgew. Thrives in Bhutan, China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Myanmar, Sikkim, Thailand and Vietnam.

• Cyanotis D.Don (including Amischophacelus R.Rao & comb. ): With 50 species in tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia to northern Australia.
• Belosynapsis Hassk. With three species in southern Asia.

• Amischotolype Hassk. With about 20 species in tropical Africa and Asia.
• Coleotrype CBClarke, with nine species in south-eastern Africa and Madagascar
• Porandra DHHong: With three kinds in China, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam.

• Screw thread ( Cochliostema Lem. ): Neotropical With two ways.
• Dichorisandra JCMikan, with about 38 species in tropical South America and Central America
• Geogenanthus Ule, with about three ArtNe in tropical South America
• Plowmanianthus thread & CRHardy: With a total of five species, two in Panama and three in the Amazon basin.

• Gibasoides D. R. Hunt, with only one kind in Mexico: Gibasoides laxiflora ( C.B. Clarke) D. R. Hunt

• Matudanthus nanus (M. Martens & Galeotti ) D. R. Hunt

• Weldenia candida Schult. f

• Elasis D. R. Hunt, with only one way in Ecuador: Elasis hirsuta ( Kunth ) D. R. Hunt

• Crawling Beautifully upholstered ( Callisia repens ( Jacq. ) L.)

• Sauvallea blainii C. Wright

• Tribus Cartonemateae: Cartonema R.Br.: With seven species in Australia and the Aru Islands of Indonesia

• Triceratella Brenan: With only one way to tropical Africa Zimbabwe: Triceratella drummondii Brenan

Pictures

Cochliostema types:

Cochliostema relutinum, habitus.

Cochliostema relutinum, flowering.

Species from other genera:

Cyanotis somalensis, halbsukkulente way from East Africa, can be recognized by their small, longitudinally folded, hairy leaves.

Dichorisandra reginae.

Murdannia nudiflora.

Palisota pynaertii variety ' elizabethae '.

Swell

• The Commelinaceae family in APWebsite. (English )
• The Commelinaceae family at DELTA of L.Watson and MJDallwitz.
• Deyuan Hong & Robert A. DeFilipps: Commelinaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 24, p 19: Online. (English )
• Robert B. thread: Commelinaceae in the Flora of North America, Volume 22: Online. (English )
• Leslie Watson: Commelinaceae in the Western Australian Flora:. Online, 2008 (English )
• Timothy M. Evans, Robert B. thread, Michael G. Simpson & Kenneth J. Sytsma: Phylogenetic relationships in the Commelinaceae: I. A cladistic analysis of rbcL sequences and morphology, in Systematic Botany, Volume 25 (4 ), 2000, S. 668-691: Online.
• Timothy M. Evans, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Robert B. & Thomas J. Givnish thread: Phylogenetic relationships in the Commelinaceae: II A cladistic analysis of rbcL sequences and morphology, in Systematic Botany, Volume 28 (2 ), 2003, S. 270-292.
• Michael G. Simpson: Commelinaceae, in Plant Systematics, Elsevier Inc., 2005, pp. 188-190. ISBN 0-12-644460-9
• David John Mabberley: The Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants. Cambridge University Press 1987. ISBN 0-521-34060-8