Conditional mood

The conditional (is) (from the Latin condicio, and later conditio, "condition" ) is a sub-category of the mode of the verb. With its help, a state of affairs can be expressed as conditional, as implication.

In some Romance languages, as in French conditional tense is the name for a native mode in addition to the conditional or subjunctive. These languages ​​also have their own synthetic verb forms of the conditional tense. In other languages ​​such as German, the functions of conditionalis fall together with others in the subjunctive. In English, the equivalent of the German subjunctive (II ) in the equivalent form ( "would" ) referred to as Conditional.

  • 2.1 conditionalis in English
  • 2.2 Dignity form in the German 2.2.1 Status of the would - form

Romance Languages

Formation

The conditionalis of the Romance languages ​​is a vulgar Latin periphrasis with the past form of habere as an auxiliary verb infinitive back, similar to the Futur, which formed with the corresponding present tense of the auxiliary verbs. In the course of language change, the auxiliary was to a bound morpheme and developed into a conditionalis extension. So it has been a resynthesis.

The development has been different. In Italian about this flexives go to the Perfect of the auxiliary verb back (see above), in Spanish, however, they are due to the past tense of the auxiliary verb.

Because the Romance future tense with the exception of the Sardinian, where it was never flektiv (eg app'a ff'akere, " I will do " ), underwent the same development and the same auxiliary stems ( auxiliary verb habere in the present tense → bound morpheme, Future extension), the conditionalis is morphologically a future tense past tense. This origin is reflected in his most original function as the future of the past.

Use

The conditionalis can express:

  • The future or posteriority in relation to the past (see Futur past tense ): span ". Pensaba que no sucedería nada " - " He said that nothing would happen. "
  • Hypothetical (see subjunctive ), eg in conditionals: Italian: " L' avrebbe Baciata, se lei l' Avessé permesso " - " He would have kissed her if she would have allowed it. "
  • A wish of the speaker, see Italian for " pioneering rivederti ", " I want to see you again. "
  • A conjecture ( cf. Suppositiv ) in the past: Spanish for " estaria enfermo. " - " Maybe he was sick. "

As a substitute forms of conditionalis acts in some Romance languages ​​of the imperfect indicative (eg span ( colloquially ) " podia trabajar más. " - " He could work more. " Or Italian " Se ti vedevo, ti salutavo. " - "If I had seen you, I would have greeted you." ) in Spanish is still a periphrasis with iba a infinitive available.

Form example

In the Romance languages, there are analytical perfect forms of conditionalis, who with the simple forms of this mode of the auxiliary verb to be past participle or be circumscribed. Here is an example, the formation of the conditional tense of verbs avere (to have) and essere (to be) in Italian:

Note: In Sardinian and Romanian is a synthetic conditional has never been trained. Even the non - perfect tense is periphrastically. Less usual Misc for conditional I and II are conditional conditional present tense and conditional perfect, see Conditional English I and II, which have become customary in the school terminology.

Conditionalis in other languages

In Latin, the conditional is installed as imperfect subjunctive or pluperfect subjunctive functionally.

In Sanskrit and Pali a synthetically realized conditionalis is available. In both languages ​​it is made of Futurstamm and provided with Augment what its morphological status - similar to the Romance languages ​​- the Futur drawing near.

The similarity between future and conditionalis is the Sanskrit obvious than, for example, in French, so the conditionalis in Sanskrit grammar is often integrated as a tense form, not as a mode into the verbal paradigm. In Pali, it is customary to analyze the conditional as a mode.

Conditionalis in English

In English, (see) is the description with would infinitive as a Conditional or Conditional I Simple ( eg, " He would work" ) and the past participle with would have ( past participle ) as Conditional II or Conditional Perfect ( z. B. " He would have worked" ) referred. There is both verb forms still in the progressive form: " He would be working", " He would have been working"

The English Conditional knows the same uses as the Romanesque and occurs in indirect speech as the future tense of the past instead of the future tense in direct speech, provided the introductory verb appears in a past tense:

In phrases such as "I would like" or "I would prefer " is attenuated wishes.

Dignity form in the German

The equivalent form of the subjunctive (or: Would - form subjunctive III) is sometimes referred to as conditional. It denotes not a standalone mode shape, but forms a morphological variant, which also expresses the subjunctive.

Generalizing, one can say that would form successively replaced everywhere in the German actually the correct subjunctive II, where the shapes are perceived in spoken German as antiquated or adorned ( " She said she likes to fly into the holiday " → " she said she would like to go on holiday " ) or in the cases where they must be in the subjunctive forms are different from those of the indicative (" I wanted, she finally went away "→" I wish she would finally go away " ).

Status which would form

Morphologically (in the form of education -wise) is that would shape the future tense of the subjunctive II

For the integration of the system would form the shape of the verbs, there are different definitions:

  • Under the heading verb in the student -Duden 2003, would form goes with the name or condition of the conditional form as a separate mode category.
  • It is assigned to the indicative verb forms with the name of the future tense past tense.
  • In 2005 Duden would apply and would infinitive infinitive perfect - there would - called Perfect - not as Futurformen, but not as a special mode shapes.
  • In Metzler Lexikon Sprache in the entry to the subjunctive is for the would - form - as well as for the dialect (eg in Swabia ) occurring transcription from the subjunctive II of do infinitive, so did infinitive - the technical term subjunctive III mentioned.
  • Götze and Ernest Hess- Liege get the descriptions would with the position as Conjunctive II of the expectation level, but are listed under the " lexical- pragmatic means of modality ". The conclusion of the grammar is: " Overall, it must be acknowledged that the position would form part of the subjunctive is still relatively unclear. "
Subjunctive mood Synthetic language Conditional sentence Augment (linguistics) Irrealis mood#Potential
483857
de