Coptic language#Sahidic

Sahidic (also Upper Egyptian or Thebanisch ) is an extinct dialect of the Coptic language, the recent form of the Egyptian language.

The older Coptic literature was almost exclusively written in Sahidic, it is the vast majority of translations of biblical books, apocryphal gospels, lives of saints, homilies, Gnostic writings, etc.

In the monastery at Thebes Dscheme a considerable number of documents was found in Sahidischem dialect.

  • 2.3.1 The possessive pronouns 2.3.1.1 Possessivpräfixe
  • 2.3.1.2 possessive suffixes
  • 2.4.1 genus
  • 2.4.2 numerus
  • 2.5.1 The forms 2.5.1.1 The infinitive 2.5.1.1.1 infinitives after the pattern ji
  • 2.5.2.1 First Present 2.5.2.1.1 With pronominal agent
  • 2.5.2.1.2 With nominal agent
  • 2.5.2.2.1 With pronominal agent
  • 2.5.2.2.2 With nominal agent
  • 2.5.3.1 Perfect I 2.5.3.1.1 With pronominal agent
  • 2.5.3.1.2 With nominal agent
  • 2.5.3.2.1 With pronominal agent
  • 2.5.3.2.2 With nominal agent
  • 2.5.3.3.1 With pronominal agent
  • 2.5.3.3.2 With nominal agent
  • 2.5.3.4.1 With pronominal agent
  • 2.5.3.4.2 With nominal agent
  • 2.6.1 The simple Adverbial with nominal subject
  • 2.6.2 The simple relative clause with predicate adverbialem
  • 2.6.3 The simple existence theorem with an undetermined subject
  • 2.6.4 The negative existence theorem
  • 3.1 ASCII transliteration
  • 3.2 Grammatical comment

Alphabet

The Sahidic alphabet consists of 30 letters. It is - as the alphabet of all Coptic dialects - composed of ( old ) Greek letters and some characters for sounds that are missing in the Greek. This Coptic special characters are based on the demotic characters that Egyptian lute, for which there was no equivalent in the ( old ) Greek alphabet, such as / sh /, / f / (Note: / ph / was aspirated in the ancient Greek p and was not / f / and / v / spoken) or / h / (in Ancient Greek, if at all, so by spiritus asper in ). Total come to Greek letters added six special characters.

Transcription: a, b, g, d, e, z, h, T, i, k, l, m, n, Z, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, K, P, W, S, F, X, J, Q,

  • Note: The combined result of all special characters Coptic dialects eight (see the last eight characters on the right figure). The mentioned here of six special characters applies only to the Sahidic dialect and thus is not made ​​with the Coptic language in the article information in contradiction.

Grammar

Abbreviations

The article

The article in the Coptic is proclitically, ie the noun is preceded directly and can not be separated from it. Article and noun form a ( phonetic ) unit.

The definite article

The fuller forms of pe - te - ne - be used when the following noun begins with two consonants. The exceptions to this rule are expressions which denote time periods (eg pexoou "the day ").

It should be noted yet that the plural article n, ne - before m p and assimilated itself to m; eg maein " signs and wonders ", pmaein " the sign / miracle", but mmaein "the signs / miracles" (instead nmaein ).

The indefinite article

In the name of non-specific quantities of the Coptic uses the indefinite article, where you would not expect him in German; eg, " water " = oumoou lit.: " a water ". Also abstractions, such as " truth (general, ie no specific truth )" can be represented by Oume.

The pronoun

The possessive pronouns

The pronominal possessive of Coptic are roughly divided into two classes, even in those with Possessivpräfixen and the other time with possessive suffixes. In the majority of cases, the Coptic of Possessivpräfixe served, however, require a few nouns from said historical reasons, according to the older possessive suffixes.

Possessivpräfixe

The Coptic Possessivpräfixe of the following forms:

Possessive suffixes

The possessive suffixes are used mainly for nouns that denote inalienable used to do so. eg nouns that denote body parts. The suffixes are also of scientific historical reasons in the transcription "=" by a preceding separated from the noun. They have the same shape as the Pronominalsuffixe.

( 1) ends the status pronominalis (see noun: status ) of the noun to " t" is the form " thutn " used.

The noun

Genus

There are Sahidic / Coptic two genera, masculine (m.) and feminine (f.).

The genus of a noun can be identified only by the definite article in the rule. Some masculine nouns have a feminine form derived from them.

Number

There are two numbers, singular and plural. The number can not be inferred from the form of the noun, as this remains unchanged. But the article, so it stands for, can provide information about the number.

A few nouns have, however, retained a separate plural form, comparable with the broken plural of Arabic. This plural form must be learned with the vocabulary. However, these can be divided into Vokalisationsmuster:

The verb

The shapes

The infinitive

In some verbs the Coptic may immediately follow the direct object without an object marker that precedes n. The infinitive of transitive verbs shows three different forms:

  • Absolutus status when the direct object with the object marker is added n (abbreviation: St. abs.)
  • Nominalism status when the direct object is a noun and is added without an object marker (abbreviation:. St. nom )
  • Pronominalis status when the direct object is a pronoun and is added without an object marker (St. pron. )

The first two formulations are equivalent to each other and it is more a question of style, because of grammar, what type of object connection is preferred. Intransitive verbs know, because they do not take objects absolutus only the status. The status of the transitive verbs must in principle be also taught with the verb, but there are some recurring patterns that you can use as a guide.

The High

Whereas the old Egyptian had a complex synthetic verbal morphology, conjugation of most Coptic verbs requires only two forms: the infinitive and the High. The infinitive expresses predominantly of a process and can occur both as a predicate as well as the head of a noun phrase. In contrast, expresses a state of High and is limited to the function of a predicate. Infinitive of a verb and High have essentially the same consonant inventory but different vowels: "To be built " kot "build" ( infinitive ), KET ( Qualitative).

The imperative

The imperative of most verbs is the form of the infinitive. So there is no morphological difference between the two.

A few verbs have, however, still retains a special imperative form. This is characterized by a präfigiertes from a- ( This corresponds etymologically to the j - prefix of the Late Egyptian imperative forms).

Bipartite Conjugation Pattern

The present tense I, II present, the relative form of the present tense I, as well as the fact the form and the past tense form a unified system. The name Bipartite conjugation pattern is due to the fact that the associated tenses do not Konjugationsbasis. Apart from the present I, all other tenses of this class arise by modification of the basic shape with the help of advanced standing Converter. The form of the verb, the infinitive, or be High.

First Present

Note: If the agent is indeterminate ( eg, " man ", instead of " the man " ) must oun construction (simple existence theorem ) are used ( oun -ou - rwme rime " There are: - a man crying. " ~ " There is a crying man "or simply ". a man crying. " ( as in English: There's a weeping man) ).

Relative form of the present tense I

The relative shape of the present I is used when the subject of the relative movement does not coincide with the reference word; for example in an expression like " the woman he saw ." Here is " he " is the subject of the relative clause and "woman" the reference word. The subject of the relative clause may also correlate with the reference word, then the relative pronoun et / ete used.

A) the subject of the relative clause agrees with the reference word match

B ) the subject of the relative clause does not match the reference word match

Tripartite conjugation Patter

  • Pattern with pronominal subject / agent: [ Konjugationsbasis ] = [ Pronominalsuffix ] - [ verb (always () infinitive! ) ].
  • Pattern with nominal subject / agent: [ Konjugationsbasis ] - [ subject / agent ] - [ verb (always () infinitive! ) ].
  • Note: the High can only be used in Präsensesytem.
Perfect I
  • The Perfect Konjugationsbasis of I is a This encodes the past, as the actual verb is always in the infinitive.
Negative form of Perfect I

The negation of the Perfect I.

Relative shape of Perfect I

If the Perfect I are used in a relative clause, taking the form of the relative Perfect I. The Konjugationsbasis encodes the subjunction and the past. The verb is back in the infinitive.

The optative

The optative is, especially in the Anglo-Saxon literature, also called injunctive. The Konjugationsbasis is mar (s) -, followed by Pronominalsuffix and the verb, the verb is always in the infinitive (no High ). There is no 2nd P. neither singular nor plural. This function takes in Coptic the imperative. The first of P. optative correlated with the cohortative ( let me / us ... ) other languages, such as Akkadian i nimgur " let's go "; the 3 P. with the jussive ( he / she should / should ... ). These are the forms of optative:

Sentence patterns

The simple Adverbial with nominal subject

The simple Adverbial consists of a certain noun followed by an adverbial ( "here", "there", etc.) or prepositional phrase ( "in house", etc.). This sentence patterns constituted a simple declarative sentence of the form A is B, where A is a nominal subject / agent, and B, as mentioned, must be adverbial or prepositional phrase. The German verb " is / be " here has no equivalent in Coptic. The predicate of the simple Adverbial is the adverbial or prepositional phrase. Examples:

The simple relative clause with predicate adverbialem

If a simple Adverbial be reshaped with nominal subject in a relative clause, then the relative pronoun et is inserted into the sentence patterns of the simple Adverbial between certain subject and predicate adverbialem.

The simple existence theorem with an undetermined subject

In certain subject using the sentence patterns of the simple Adverbial. If the subject is indefinite, the oun construction must be used.

The negative existence theorem

The negation of the simple existence theorem is done by the mn- construction.

Sahidic text sample

ASCII transliteration

For the subsequent transcription see here.

Peneiwt et xn mphue marepekran ouop tekmnttrro marecei pekouws marefswpe n Te etfxn tpe nfswpe on xijm pkax. penoeik et nhu ng mmof nan nan mpoou ngkw ebol nnet eron nTe xwwn on etnkw ebol nnete ountan eroou ngtmjitn exoun e peiracmoc alla ngnaxmn ebol xitootf m pponhroc per twk te tqom mn peoou sa nienex Xamen

Grammatical comment

  • Peneiwt: possessive prefix 1 P. Pl c. pen eiwt ("Father ") = our father
  • Et: Relatively converter " what / r / s"
  • Mphue xn: xn ( "in" ) plural article n Phue ( "heaven"; Sg is pe "heaven" ). Plural article before p n to m> mphue " the sky "
  • Peneiwt et xn mphue: Our Father, (you ) who is in the heavens ...
  • Marepekran ouop: Optativbasis mare "may ... " pekran " your name " ( = pek possessive "your " ran " Name") verb ouop " be holy." So: your name may (ge - ) holy ( t) be.
  • Tekmntrro: possessive singular 2 P. m. tek "your " abstract mntrro " kingship " ( mnt = Abstraktpräfix " date " noun rro "King " > " kingship " )
  • Marecei: Optativbasis mare "may ... " Pronominalsuffix c " they " (ie the kingdom, in S. fem ) "come" ei infinitive
  • Tekmntrro marecei: thy kingdom (it) may come ...
  • Pekouws: possessive singular 2 P. m. pek "your " noun ouws "desire"
  • Marefswpe: Optativbasis mare "may ... " f Pronominalsuffix " he " (ie the desire ) infinitive swpe " will arise, be, exist," and the like.
  • Pekouws marefswpe: your wish may be (in the sense of to happen )
  • Te n: n preposition "in" noun Te " the way ( way) " ( = certain fem products t "is the " noun xe "style ( and fashion ) t x > T (theta, see Coptic Alphabet ) )
  • Etfxn tpe: relative form of the present tense I. Relative converter et " what / r / s " f Pronominalsuffix "he" xn adverbials "in" tpe "the sky " ( = t pe of certain fem article " the " noun " sky " )
  • Etfxn n Te tpe: in the type / as it is in heaven ( is )
  • Nfswpe: subjunctive Base n " and ... may " Pronominalsuffix 3rd P. sg m. f 'he' infinitive swpe " be, be, arise, exist." Warning: The subjunctive is a form, which content continues the latter verbal form, here the opt marefswpe, hence " and ... may ".
  • On: particle " so, well, well "
  • Xijm pkax: xijm preposition "on " noun pkax "the earth " ( = mask certain items p " of " noun kax " (earth ) ground, earth " )
  • Nfswpe on xijm pkax: ( and ) so he may be on earth
  • Penoeik: possessive prefix Pl 1 P. m. pen " our " noun ÖIK "bread"
  • Et nhu: relative pronoun et " what / r / s " High nhu ( infinitive: egg "come" ) ~ "incoming"
  • Penoeik et nhu: Our Coming bread
  • Ng mmof: "give" subjunctive base n Pronominalsuffix g ( ~ k) "you" infinitive St. pron. the direct object marker ( m) = mmo Pronominalsuffix 3rd P. sg m. f " he / it ". Subjunctive optative is continuing, therefore, "Give it " ( begging / pleading)
  • Nan mpoou: na = " to" (. St. pron the preposition n ) n Pronominalsuffix " us " mpoou " today" ( lit. mp (x ) oou " on / in - this - day "; idiomatically for "today" )
  • Ng mmof nan mpoou: give (it) to us today
  • Etc. ...
Demotic (Egyptian) Akkadian language
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