Corporatism

Corporatism (also: corporatism ) (Latin corporativus = a body forming) is a political science technical term to denote different forms of participation of specific groups in political decision-making processes. Differences, first the authoritarian and the liberal corporatism. The authoritarian corporatism refers to a forced integration of economic or social groups in authoritarian decision-making process. The liberal corporatism refers to the voluntary participation of social organizations.

2002 designated Bernhard Wessels from the Social Science Research Center Berlin for Social Research corporatism on the website of the Federal Agency for Civic Education as a "German model ", although Germany does not apply necessarily as a typical corporatist country.

• 3.1 Definition
• 3.2 Examples
• 3.3 criticism

Research

There are several Korporatismustheorien:

• Philippe C. Schmitter defines corporatism as a structural principle.
• Gerhard Lehmbruch defined corporatism as a mode of policy coordination.
• The concepts of Schmitter and Lehmbruch were differentiated later to a pluralism of corporatism on, which can be systematize diverse.

Since the authoritarian corporatism is only of historical importance, while the liberal corporatism find many modern formations, the former confrontational confrontation of pluralism vs. applies. Corporatism as outdated. The focus of current research, the Interessenvermittlungsmodi are in political networks and multi - actor models of political decisions.

Authoritarian corporatism

Definition

The authoritarian corporatism is a form imposed by the state of corporatism. Its characteristics are a limited number of educated mandatory associations connected with compulsory membership. The work of the associations is already aligned to a fixed pre-defined " common good " of the national community. Thus, there is not, as in the pluralism of a group consensus, but by state setting.

Examples

Forms of state - authoritarian corporatism is found predominantly in totalitarian regimes again. The authoritarian corporatism first appeared in Italian fascism under Benito Mussolini, but was later also in the Austro-fascism under Engelbert Dollfuss, in Nazi Germany under the name of " national community " and of Salazar in Portugal adopted the name " Estado Novo ". Mussolini's model was the "modern capitalism " of the Brazilian dictator Getúlio Dornelles Vargas in the 1920s. Corporatism should also avoid the conflict-oriented socialist and communist class struggle and put peaceful negotiations between the corporations in its place. In Italy, the Fascist ideology, especially of Alfredo Rocco was driven, which could later experienced a major political rise of Mussolini. He had split the Italian economy in 22 corporations, all of which were represented in the Camera dei Fasci e delle Corporazioni.

Representative

Julius Evola, a pioneer of Italian Fascism, wrote about corporatism: "The spirit of corporatism ( the political effort to renew the state through the creation of professional associations ) was essentially that of a working group and a creative solidarity, their solid cornerstones of the principles the expertise, the skills and the natural hierarchy were, with the whole thing was characterized by active over- the - person - standing, selflessness and dignity. All this was in the medieval artisan corporations, to see clearly the guilds and guilds. "

Max Hildebert Boehm was also of the idea of ​​corporatism, combined with völkischem thinking.

Criticism

The fascist corporatism was the depluralization of society by " Gleichschaltung " under the dictatorship. The DC circuit of the unions went usually accompanied by human rights violations. The corporatist propaganda of fascism discredited the term sustainable. Only since the seventies is the term neo-corporatism as well as in Germany again use.

Liberal Corporatism or neo-corporatism

Definition

The neo-corporatism or even liberal corporatism is characterized in particular by the voluntary integration of economic or social associations. The term liberal corporatism an exit option of the members of the institutionalized cooperation is actually connected. In industry minimum wages but also association lots will be forced into a cooperation according to which the minimum wage agreed by the associations also applies to them. The integration is carried out both in terms of policy formulation as well as in deciding on this as well in the performance of government functions and services. Elements of interest intermediation are the mutual information, the negotiation of multilateral agreements and controllable obligations that require a high degree of willingness to build consensus among the stakeholders.

As a practical example of such a new corporatism is valid from the first grand coalition (1966-1969) launched " concerted action " in which the behavior of the authorities, employers' organizations and trade unions was coordinated in order to achieve macroeconomic goals. As a counterpart to the " concerted action " in Germany acts in Austria the "social partnership".

Examples

For this there are many examples Korporatismustyp:

• The liberal corporatism is found particularly pronounced before in concordance democracies.
• A form of this is the tripartite corporatism, that is, in the vote of the state, trade unions and employers' organizations eg Polder model, Concerted action.
• An example is the Austrian model of social partnership, which is similar also common in Germany and other social market economies: Employers and employees contribute their disputes, for example, have different wage demands as possible not by strikes and other means of industrial action, but try for the sake of economics ( the " site " ) as smoothly as possible to reach an agreement.
• The situational corporatism called corporatist arrangements, the regulatory consensus also have immediate policy relevance of performance, eg technical standardization, vocational education or health policy (eg Concerted Action in Health Care ). Their use is an essential feature of modern technology, location and structural policies.
• Under the subsidiarity concept, it is resorted to self-regulatory and state -relieving function of corporatist networks. As a result of the transfer quasi- public functions on stakeholders, the regulatory strategy of streamlining the state is tracked.

Criticism

Advantage within the neo-corporatism proves primarily to increase the governability. A State may, without information from business and society just react badly to social developments and is thus dependent on information from interest groups. So it is relieved of state authorities or ministries, as the interest groups make their knowledge available. Furthermore, associations occur within their areas of responsibility as a common good control instances. Nevertheless, there is a tendency toward institutionalization, a property of the delegation principle. As a result, corporatism is as a mechanism originally as a representative of interests of certain delegates to bring to orient themselves more at the negotiating success with the Korporierten the negotiation opponents, as in the representation of its base.

As a significant disadvantage is the risk of " capture " of state authorities, as well as the process of " Deparlamentarisierung " proves. A process that alone just moved the work of interests to the executive and seems to bypass the Parliament. The goal is to interact with speakers already in the stage on individual bills. This concerns in particular the interest of traditional labor organizations (trade unions and employers' associations ) within the economic policy. So there is a real danger that it only comes in fulfillment of a particularistic public interest in favor of organized associations. Economic liberals see corporatism as inefficient when state-protected cartels arise because then incur welfare losses.