Crusader states

The Crusader states in the narrow sense are the erected as a result of the First Crusade in Palestine and Syria four states:

The constant wars between the Islamic powers that allowed the Crusaders to occupy the coastal land and keep it open for replenishment. The Crusaders were collectively called Franks, the country as Outremer.

History

The County of Edessa was founded in 1098 as the first crusader state. Under Joscelin II († 1159 ) she fell already in 1144 against the Islamic Lord of Mosul and Aleppo, which had the Second Crusade result.

Built in 1098 the Principality of Antioch also was expanded under its first Norman rulers Bohemond of Taranto († 1111) and his nephew Tancred († 1112) by conquest against Muslims and Byzantium. They left a settled state, but for which Raymond of Poitiers in 1137 had to pay homage to the Byzantine emperor. 1268 died of Antioch, now impoverished economically, one of the Sultan Baibars of Egypt Mamlukenheer.

Not much later ( in 1289 ) fell Tripoli, Bohemond IV since co-ruled by the princes of Antioch; it was built as the last of the Crusader states in 1109 and Bertrand been awarded by St. Gilles as vassalage county of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Under Baldwin I, first king of Jerusalem ( 1100), and his immediate successors, Baldwin II ( 1118-1131 ), Fulk of Anjou ( 1131-1143 ) and Baldwin III. (1143-1162) was extended to the field and are alleged against the Saracens. 1187 Saladin defeated the Crusaders at Hattin crushing and then conquered Jerusalem and the majority of the kingdom.

The Christians won back in 1191 Acre under the leadership of Richard the Lionheart, the contractually agreed in 1192 with Saladin the Christian rule in the coastline from Tyre to Jaffa. The German Crusade conquered in 1197 the coast of Tyre to Tripoli back.

The Crusade of Frederick II, who in 1229 was crowned King of Jerusalem brought, through diplomatic channels Jerusalem and other areas back to the Crusaders. Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall were able to win the Jordan 1239-1241 Ashkelon, and the lands to the west. Jerusalem was finally lost in 1244; Acre, the center of the remaining kingdom was weakened by internal struggles and fell after the last medieval siege 1291 The rest of Palestine -. Except for the city Gibelet ( Byblos ) ( Conquest 1298 ) and the island fortress Ruad before the Syrian coast ( Conquest 1302) in the same year - cleared (escape to Cyprus ).

The from Palestine / Syria sold to Cyprus Hospitallers conquered Rhodes from 1306, which they dominated until the conquest by the Ottomans in 1522.

Crusader states on the edge of the Crusades

The Crusader States and the Kingdom of Cyprus is counted, which was established during the Third Crusade. Richard the Lionheart captured the island on his way to the Holy Land, which the dominion of the dethroned king of Jerusalem until 1489 and in the subsequent period.

Another Christian state on the edge of the Crusades was the kingdom of Lesser Armenia, which had established itself under native rulers on the run from the Seljuks a few years earlier and was able to hold around 300 years.

In the Fourth Crusade, the Byzantine Empire was conquered by the Crusaders ( 1204), with four more states emerged:

  • The Latin Empire,
  • The Kingdom of Thessaloniki,
  • The Duchy of Athens and
  • The principality of Achaia.

The Venetians created Moreover, in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, the Duchy of Archipelagos in the Aegean.

Thessaloniki and the Latin Empire were reconquered by the Byzantines to 1261. Successors of the Crusaders ruled in Athens, in the Peloponnese and in the Morea until the middle of the 15th century.

1271 conquered Charles of Anjou, King of Sicily, the northern part of the Despotate of Epirus in 1272 and founded the Kingdom of Albania ( Regnum Albaniae ), which existed until 1368. Another crusader state under the influence of the Kingdom of Naples was the county palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos.

1319 established the Catalan Company, the Duchy Neopatria in Central Greece, which was part of the Crown of Aragon together with the Duchy of Athens.

Joscelin II, Count of Edessa Siege of Antioch (1268) Bohemond IV of Antioch Baldwin I of Jerusalem Baldwin II of Jerusalem Baldwin III of Jerusalem Battle of Hattin Crusade of 1197 Theobald I of Navarre Siege of Acre (1291) Fall of Ruad Knights Hospitaller Duchy of the Archipelago Steven Runciman Crusade of 1101 Children's Crusade Shepherds' Crusade (1251) Ninth Crusade Alexandrian Crusade
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