Dependent clause

Subordinate clauses are subsets that are included in a parent subset and depend on it, which is called the matrix clause and may be the main or subordinate clause itself. A subblock therefore never alone is different than a main clause.

In German, is in a subordinate clause, the finite verb form a so-called predicate or part of this principle at the end of a sentence ( exceptions: see special cases). If the predicate also includes an infinite verb, this is the finite verb immediately precedes. Subsets with no finite verb form, namely infinitive or participle, can also be counted among the subordinate clauses.

Subordinate clauses are divided into element sets and attribute sets. Element in the matrix clause sets assume the function of a set member. Sets of attributes take in the matrix clause, the function of an attribute, so they extend a phrase from him. In some grammars subordinate clause is also used to subordinate clause interchangeably.

An even finer distinction classified subordinate clauses then replaced that phrase or what one has been extended (see types of subordinate clauses ).

• 3.1 Subjunktorsätze
• 3.2 W / D phrases
• 3.3 Uneingeleitete subordinate clauses 3.3.1 Verbzweitnebensätze
• 3.3.2 Verberstnebensätze

Types of subordinate clauses

According to their function as a set part of the overall record, a distinction between subject sentences, object sets, adverbial clauses, attribute sets and Prädikativsätzen. In the following examples, the addition rates are bracketed.

• - But not always - subject and object phrases always take a complete argument place of a verbal predicate, and in many cases by a complementizer such as that initiated whether or interrogative pronouns. If a subject is set in final position, it is often the pronoun vorsignalisiert it. Examples of subject phrases: It is not good, [ that the man should be alone ].
• [ When he comes ] is unclear.

• And he saw [ it was good ].
• I wonder [ whether she knows me even ].
• Peter believes [ that he had seen the dog ].

• Adverbialsätze be initiated by various conjunctions. Depending on their meaning content you can: Temporalsätze (time ): [ come As the high feast of Pentecost was ], they were all in one place.
• Conditional (condition): [ When / if I win ], du pay
• Konzessivsätze ( Restriction / counter-argument ): [ Even though it's raining ], they play outside.
• Causal clauses (cause, reason): [ Because you've seen ], du think
• Modalsätze ( way): [ By silent ], they showed their ignorance.
• Komparativsätze ( comparing two things ): It is better [ than I have dreamed ].
• Adversativsätze ( juxtaposition ): [ During the Konzessivsatz a contradiction assumed ] that is the Adversativsatz not the case.
• Final rates ( intention, purpose ): [ So you understand me ], I explain it again.
• Konsekutivsätze ( sequence): He missed the bus, [ so he was late ].
• Local rates ( city): I live there, [ where the big houses ].
• Instrumental movements (middle ): I cut the sheet through, [" by " I use a pair of scissors ].

• Sets of attributes (usually relative clauses ) are relative pronouns, sometimes initiated by question words or Relative Adverbs (you then asks which which which ). Examples: Long Julian stood on the wooden bridge, [ which led to the village from the road ].
• The place [ in which I was born ], lies on the sea- shore where the Po opens.

Classification by verb phrases or core

The subordinate clauses can also be classified according to the form of the verb in

• Finitsätze ( " actual" subordinate clauses )
• Infinitive ( nebensatzwertige Infinitivphrasen, infinitive )
• Participle ( nebensatzwertige Partizipphrasen, participial )

The terminology is inconsistent. Not all grammars use this consistently compositions with the base word or phrase - by- phrase. Some notions of " set " assume finite verb and subject. Then, for example, of nebensatzwertigen phrases mentioned, and Finitsätze would thus be the actual or single phrases or subordinate clauses. Alternative names are given above in parentheses.

Phrases, with original adjectives as core ( nebensatzwertige adjective phrases), though do not include any verb form, but otherwise behave similarly participle clauses and are therefore treated together with them.

The particular verb or predicate form is italicized in the following examples, the subordinate clause [ in square brackets].

Finitsätze

• Provide the bulk of the German subordinate clauses
• Based on a finite verb form

For examples, see above.

Infinitive

• Based on an infinitive ( with " to" )
• Included (such as the participle ) no subject.
• Can be introduced by means of certain ( sub-) junctions; in the German V.A.: about.

The missing subject of Infinitivsätzen can be added depending on the matrix clause or the wider context in the interpretation of (so-called "control" of the Infinitivsubjekts ).

Examples:

• He hoped [ to be punished ].

• [ To unite all ], was his concern.

• He came [ to prevent the worst ].

The demarcation of not satzwertigen ( coherent ) infinitive can be difficult.

See also: Nebensatzwertige Infinitivphrase, Incoherent construction, to commas.

Participle

• Based on a past participle (I or II ) (Art of the participle in the examples as Subscript1 / 2 set)
• Included (such as the infinitive ) no subject, because it is realized through the main clause
• Can be introduced by means of certain ( sub-) junctions such as ( alphabetically ) although, even though, ... ( in bold italics in the examples)

Examples:

• [ Cheerful pfeifend1 ] came off.

• [ The sails gehisst2 ], it ran into the harbor.

• [ Although the struggle geschwächt2 ], he won.

• Müller, [ geboren2 in Hamburg ], came to Berlin.

Examples with adjective phrase ( the adjective is in italics ):

• [ In Game weary ], he left the room.

See also: To commas

Classification by the introduction

In addition, is also divided after the beginning of the subordinate clause in

• Initiated subordinate clauses

• Subjunktorsätze ( Subjunktional ( rates next ), conjunctional )
• W / D phrases ( Pronomial (next ) sets )

• Uneingeleitete subordinate clauses

The subdivision is made substantially uniform initiated / uneingeleitet. " Introduced " is usually the positive definite term and " Uneingeleitet " means negating or complementary all the rest, ie without introduction.

The terminology is not uniform, especially for the subdivision after the introductory element. Interrogative pronouns, Frageadverb and W - word stand facing each other. The elements are sometimes summarily grouped according to their typical first letter (W or D). The extent to which the composition is felt with Pronomial nor understandable, depends on how far the concept of " Pronomialen " is understood. Alternative names are given above and below in parentheses.

Grammars, which define this division based not include participial and infinitive with a. Principle, however, would nevertheless be to distinguish initiated and uneingeleitete, but although each input element does not have to originate from the same inventory.

Subjunktorsätze

• Start with a subjunction (in the example in italics ); occur also certain compounds with a preposition rather than on how that without
• Are usually Verbletztsätze

Examples:

• [ Because she did not come ], he left.
• He tried, [ even though it was not ].

W / D phrases

• Begin with a relative (D - element of that, the, the, ...) or interrogative pronouns (W- element, who, why, what, ...) possibly in combination with a preposition ( for whom, ... ) or in the form of a Pronomialadverbs (for which, ...)

In the following examples, the introductory element (without the preposition ) is in italics.

Examples:

• [ Who owns it ] remains unclear.
• She wanted to know [ who did it ].
• He did not say [ who they are waiting ].
• They did not know [ which it was ].
• The parrot, [ which I bought yesterday ] is dead as a doornail.

Uneingeleitete subordinate clauses

• Not begin with the above introducing elements or function words

After the verb placement is made between

• Verbzweitnebensätzen (V2 position)
• Verberstnebensätzen (V1 position)

As these phrases are partly the same meaning as introduced subordinate clauses ( in which the verb occurs in final position ), but while saving the application element, they can also be interpreted as corresponding short forms.

In the following examples, the verb is in italics.

Verbzweitnebensätze

• Are, to the extent permitted by the verb of the matrix clause, largely identical in meaning with a Subjunktorsatz ( Verbletztsatz ), which is introduced by " that"

Examples:

• He asserts [ she was innocent ].

See also: Indirect speech Verbzweitsätze as subordinate clauses

Verberstnebensätze

• Are often largely identical in meaning with a ( initiated ) Subjunktorsatz which, if, though, ... is introduced by if (condition set Konzessivsatz )

Examples:

• [ Are you coming in time ], you get what from.

• [ If she had taken care of ], were it not happen.

• [ Does it taste ever so good], you have to stop yet.

See also: V1 position in subordinate clauses

Special cases

In addition rate is due to the German border and among others the following special cases ( the subordinate clauses are bracketed ):

• Subordinate clause without conjunction: [ Would you have been silent ], you were a philosopher remained. ( Signaling through Verberststellung )
• Subordinate clause without conjunction and in Verbzweitstellung: He thinks [ it was a good thing ]. ( Signaling by mode)
• Vacillation between the subordinate clause and main clause: He thinks [ it 's good ]. ( Signaling through intonation or punctuation; compare: He said: " It is good. " )

• Classification, for example, the generalized relative clauses: [who has ears to hear ], let him hear. ( Elliptical attribute set (Anyone ... ) or entity set)
• Classification of the secondary relative clauses of the type " She broke off, [ which was a shame ]. " ( Satzapposition, elliptical relative clause, independent linguistic phenomenon? )

Subordinate clause / contents set / subordinate clause

The term " subordinate clause " says that this type of subordinate clause represents a member of a sentence. The terminological distinction is inconsistent. Usually the term is synonymous with " subordinate clause " used. In naming systems that do not include the attribute to the set members, but only those directly related to the predicate elements of the set, so the relative clause (attribute set) is divorced from the subordinate clause. Then the further relative clause is not considered a subordinate clause. A relative clause is introduced by a relative pronoun. See also Content rate. In this case, there is the following types:

• Local rate ( local supplement ): ... the place [ where he was ], ...
• Modal sentence ( Artergänzung ): ... the ruthlessness [ with which he appeared ], ...
• Causal clause ( justification supplement ): ... the circumstances [ by which it came to the accident ], ...
• Time clauses (time supplement ): ... the century, [ in which one can speak of a first reconnaissance ], ...

Box sets

Main and subordinate clauses can contain other subordinate clauses, whereby low rate boxes can be constructed. The resulting sentence construction is throughout referred to as a period. Subordinate clauses are to main clauses in a relationship of subordination, which is called hypotaxis. Therefore Hypo Tactical style refers to the use of highly nested sentences, as opposed to parataxis, are lined up in the pure main theorems.

The nesting depth is not syntactically limited. When reading help punctuation marks that make the sentence structure recognizable. Where they are optional after the spelling reform, the elimination of it can make the sentence confusing.

Example:

Since the 20th century there is a tendency to simplify and shorten the sentence structure has been formed. Famous writers of the 20th century, whose style still characterized by lavish periods are, for example, Thomas Mann and Theodor W. Adorno.

Swell