Diet of Dalmatia
The Dalmatian parliament ( sabor Croatian Dalmatinski ) was the parliament of the Crown Land ( UK ) Dalmatia in the Empire of Austria and in Cisleithania, the western part of the empire of Austria-Hungary from 1861 until 1918.
Foundation
The Dalmatian parliament in 1861 as well as the diets in the other Austrian crown lands established by the so-called patent in February, a measure adopted by Emperor Franz Joseph I. Constitution, which inserts among other things, the provincial system and the parliamentary electoral law of the Kingdom of Dalmatia. This provincial system was substantially until 1918.
In the case of Dalmatia, the question had been in discussion as to whether there should be an independent Dalmatian parliament or whether Dalmatia should be part of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia and the representation of the people, therefore, the Croatian Sabor before. In this discussion, the autonomists prevailed against the advocates of a union. In addition to the power-political interests of Vienna here was the crucial fact that more than half of the deputies in the first Dalmatian parliament were Italian-speaking. Even after the question was first decided, it remained a regular topic of discussion of the Landtag. The Kingdom of Croatia was but by 1867, in contrast to Dalmatia in the new, created by the compensation so-called Real Union Austria - Hungary is not part of the Austrian, but the Hungarian state.
Composition and election
The Diet had 43 members. Members were due to their function of the Roman Catholic Archbishop and the Orthodox bishop of Zara / Zadar. The other 41 members were elected to four Kurien:
The 10 mandates the maximum taxed distributed as follows among the circuits:
The census, the minimum tax performance, the condition for suffrage was, was 100 guilders per year ( in Kotor 50 guilders).
The cities of Zara / Zadar, Sebenico / Šibenik, Spalato / Split, Makarska, Ragusa / Dubrovnik and Curzola / Korčula seconded one of its Members. The cities of Lesina / Hvar and Cittavecchia / Stari Grad and the cities Perasto / Perast and Castelnuovo / Herceg Novi chose each a common Deputies. Here was a census. In addition to the city residents, the power of their control power had the right to vote, also possessed certain well-qualified professionals ( eg teachers, senior officials, clergymen, captains ), the so-called intelligentsia voters about the electoral law.
The trade and industry chamber of Spalato / Split a certain deputies. The chambers of Ragusa / Dubrovnik and Cattaro / Kotor sent a joint deputies in the parliament.
Even in the choice of the 20 deputies of the rural communities was a census, of which only the intelligence of voters were excluded. The census was a relative: the two-thirds of taxpayers with the highest tax burden were eligible to vote. He was elected as an indirect election. The 500 inhabitants was elected an elector. The electors of a constituency then determined the / Members.
Operation and competences
The first session of the Diet was held on 6 April 1861. The Diet should meet annually for a parliament session once. However, there were also years with few, or none session. A total of 44 sessions were held, which typically lasted for several days. The longest session lasted 1863 2 ½ months, the shortest was completed in one day.
An official appointed by the Emperor parliament president was also the Chairman ( Governor ) of the selected country by Parliament Committee ( Zemaljski odbor, Giunta Provinciale ), the Government of the country. The National Committee was composed of four members (plus alternates ) ( 1902: five) and the Chairman.
The powers of the Parliament were in the legislation for education policy, social welfare and economic issues. Decisions requiring their laws were adopted to approval ( sanction) of the emperor as ruler of Dalmatia, which the governor ( see below) and the kk Government in Vienna was to be obtained, and publication in the Official Gazette ( see below). The Diet had its own budget law for the State budget.
The Dalmatian parliament elected 1861-1873 Dalmatian deputies in the Lower House of the Imperial Council in Vienna; after which they were directly elected. Dalmatia decreed in the Imperial Parliament in 1861 over five, from 1873 through nine and eleven MPs from 1896; they were elected in 1873 after the male suffrage valid, from 1896 of all male citizens, but with different voting weight, and 1907 and 1911 of all male citizens with the same voting weight.
Parties
In Parliament two parties formed: By 1870, the autonomists possessed (also talijanaši, Pro - Italians called ') over the majority. They advocated the independence of Dalmatia. In addition to the ethnic Italians, accounting for about 6 % of the population, these primarily include officials Croatian, Serbian or German origin. 1870 reached the Croatian " National Party" ( Narodna stranka ) a majority in the parliament. The Narodnjakten targeted at the union of Dalmatia with Croatia. In the National Party initially worked with Serbs and Croats. The first provided by the National Party Parliament Speaker Ljubisa Stefan example, was a Serb.
The National party split in 1873, 1879 and 1892. Particularly serious was the schism in 1879, when split off Serb deputies and the Serbian Party ( Srpska Stranka ) founded. In the National Party, the Croats remained. Since 1889, the Croatian National Party National Party called (Hrvatska narodna stranka ). 1892 split six deputies of the Croatian National Party from the right-wing party ( Stranka prava ), which represented a radical anti- Austrian position. In 1905, the two Croat parties united again to the Croatian Party ( Hrvatska stranka ) ( refer Croatian - Serbian coalition ).
The language debate
Even if disclosures pursuant to the 1880 census 93.5 % of the population Croatian, 5.8% Italian and 0.7 % German as their mother tongue, the language of the upper class was 1861 Italian. From 1816 the school in Dalmatia was in Italian. Even the newspaper of the Narodjaken "Il Nazionale " published predominantly written in the Italian language articles, because the leadership of the National Party itself the Croatian language only imperfectly mastered, and usually the official language Italian used. ( In German legal texts of the monarchy and in the German media, the Italian place name remained until 1918 in use. )
The Diet decided in 1861 at its first meeting, that speeches in the Croatian language should be possible and the decisions should be published in both languages. However, since Italian was the language understood all Members Croatian posts in the financial statements should be briefly summarized in Italian.
The Diet took in September 1871, a draft law after both languages should be equal official languages. However, this law did not get imperial sanction, as the Emperor saw exceeded the powers of Parliament. By decree of March 1, 1872 but the Croatian was equated to the Italian as an official language in administrative and court.
On July 21, 1883, the parliament decided by a majority of the National Party that the Croatian language should be the only language used in Parliament. However, verbal contributions in Parliament should be possible even in Italian.
Until the use of Croatian in education, justice and administration, it was, however, a longer path. Since 1866, a commission of the parliament consisted with the aim to convert the school system on Croatian lessons. 1884/85 taught only three of 329 schools in Dalmatia in Italian.
The Diet and the governor
The monarch and his k.k. Government in Vienna were represented ( with the official title " Head of State of the Kingdom of Dalmatia " in Dalmatia 1861-1868 ) in Dalmatia by one appointed by the emperor, who resided in the state capital Zara / Zadar governor. The Office clad:
- Lazarus Freiherr von Mamula (1861-1865, previously from 1859 civil and military governor of the province of Dalmatia )
- Franz Freiherr von Philippovich (1865-1867)
- Johann Wagner (1867-1869)
- Gabriel Baron of Rodich (1870-1881)
- Stephan Freiherr von Jovanović (1881-1885)
- Ludwig Freiherr von Cornaro (1886 )
- Charles of Blažeković ( 1886-90 )
- Emil von David (1890-1902)
- Erasmus of Trade (1902-1905)
- Niko ( louse ) Nardelli ( 1906-1911 )
- Mario Graf Attems (1911-1918)
The governor appointed on behalf of the Emperor, in consultation with Vienna ( called Governor ) the parliament president, who led the sessions of the Diet and the State Committee; the governor was chief of the imperial administration in the country ( " State Administration ") and exercised a certain right of supervision over the administration of the country (collectively the " autonomous administration ") and led the laws passed by the Diet for approval to Vienna on. He was, as chief of the imperial administration of the agency head of the Lieutenancy for various skills that the general government had reserved themselves and for which no separate authorities were established and functioned in this respect as representatives of the responsible ministries or the government as a whole.
State Law
The laws passed by Parliament were as regulations of the Governor and the State Committee in the Official Gazette is published for the Kingdom of Dalmatia.
First, state law appeared here on July 25, 1863 the Law on the abolition of the premiums for the slaying of the beasts of prey on. At last a law of 17 May 1914, made known that carts have ( ärarische roads = state roads ) always to drive on public, non ärarischen roads left on November 1, 1914; until then the right driving was prescribed.