Diploma

The diploma (from Greek diploma δίπλωμα " doubly folded ( letter ) ") is an instrument of awards ( certificate of honor ), exceptional performance and testing ( audit ) of academic and non-academic institutions.

• 2.4.1 Situation in Germany
• 2.4.2 Situation in Austria

• 3.1 Germany
• 3.2 Austria
• 3.3 Switzerland

Conceptual history

The diploma was actually the collapsed of two sheets writing board; The Romans generally accompanied by an official, including a certified by signature and seal certificate. In this meaning, the word throughout the Middle Ages was no longer in use. Instead, important documents with Charter, Pagina, Literae etc. were called. Only in the 17th century, the word diploma was used again and called all official historical records. The German word document was later increasingly used instead. The diplomas almost only instruments of final academic honors, the successful completion of training or awards were designated for exceptional performance. Towards the end of the 18th century, the Occupation was a diplomat for a proven credentials by foreign politicians. In diplomacy, the term is next privilege to designate rulers certificates sophisticated design with content long lasting effects (as opposed to the term mandate ) in use.

Diploma as an academic degree

In conjunction with the indication of the times the diploma is an academic degree ( higher education ), eg, biologist, sociologist Diploma, Diploma artist or engineer.

Germany

In Germany, the Diploma of the most common academic degree. The concluding with a diploma degree courses are to be found mainly in the fields of engineering, natural sciences, and economics, but also in some subjects in the humanities and social sciences.

The academic degree status always consists of the word " diploma " and the relevant field of study, which in addition to the far most represented personal form (eg Diplom-Kaufmann ) and the impersonal form (eg diploma in audiovisual media ) can be awarded. Academic degrees are allowed in Germany according to § 18 Higher Education Act ( HRG) are only awarded by universities. Word combinations called " graduate " or " Graduate " and a field of study or professional designation that have not been awarded by a university, are confusingly similar and thus inadmissible with academic degrees. The activity of " diploma " designations that were not from a university or vocational college conferred ( with additional "BA" ), 2 of the Criminal Code is punishable pursuant to § 132a para.

At Fachhochschulen, the diploma will also be awarded, but with the introduction of additional duty ( FH). It does not authorize in principle, but under special circumstances, for promotion. Besides, unlike the university diploma more application-based orientation to the diploma of the colleges also differs by the normal period of max. eight semesters. For bachelor and master degree programs, there are, however, no such fundamental distinctions.

At Berufsakademien the diploma is awarded not as an academic degree but as a state-recognized degree and out with the addition of (BA). Which emerged from the vocational colleges in Baden- Württemberg Cooperative State University allows Nachgraduierung of these financial statements in an academic graduate degree, which should be held by the addition ( DH). The diploma (DH ) is provided solely for the Nachgraduierung of previous graduates of vocational colleges. Your regular graduates gives the Cooperative State University Bachelor.

Diploma program

The organizational process of a diploma course regulates the Diploma Examination Regulations, which is tested and approved in Germany by the Ministry of the respective province. Diploma courses are divided into a two-to viersemesteriges basic studies in the basic knowledge and skills are taught and which can serve as orientation, as well as a three-to six-semester study period, in which a differentiation and specialization can take place. The basic study is concluded with the bachelor's degree, which is awarded after dropping mostly written, but also partly oral examinations in the relevant subjects. Some study regulations provide for course-related intermediate examination, , which was composed to be performed partial performance during the basic studies. Unlike the bachelor the bachelor's degree, however, is not a professionally qualifying degree. The main study may conclude with great either written or oral final exams, or course-related partial services. In both methods, also a thesis is to be made, which demonstrates the ability to scientifically work. If both the thesis and the examinations with grades of at least " sufficient", the diploma is awarded.

History of the diploma in Germany

The diploma exists as a university degree only since October 11, 1899. As a degree of engineer it was introduced by the Royal Decree at the technical universities in Prussia. Partly at the request of - - In some subjects the diploma was parallel to the first state examination, which is not a academic degree awarded. In the Federal Republic the diploma was introduced in the late 50s as a first university degree instead of a PhD in social sciences and economics subjects, in parallel to the master's degree in humanities and social science subjects. The introduction of diploma and master should shorten the study and thus also reduce certain barriers to access to academic education. End of the 60s the diploma was introduced as a standard qualification for all university programs, unlike in the Federal Republic for courses that prepared to entrust tasks in the GDR. In the 70s, the tiered, integrated graduate study model (DI / DII) was developed and applied to the University of Kassel. As the only college they allowed the recognition of different qualification requirements in addition to the general university. The model has been successively exposed since 2006 by the Bologna reforms and replaced illegitimate by the financial statements in accordance Bachelor / Master by private law accreditation process.

A more recent development is the Diplomierung of courses that are completed with a state exam. This is done partly by mere award of the diploma degree, sometimes this is done depends on the provision of additional services. For example, the academic degrees of Diplom- lawyers as well as the diploma vocational educators can be mentioned here.

Legal classification grade

When (KMK ) of 12 June 2003 stated: " The bachelor's and master's degrees are independent professional qualification degrees. The integration of a Bachelor's degree in a graduate degree program is excluded as well as the award of a Master's degree on the basis of a contract concluded with success degree course ", so that" Bachelor's degrees (...) the same rights as Diplom degrees of Fachhochschulen ( lend ). ; consecutive Master's degrees confer the same rights as Diplom and Magister degrees from the universities and colleges. "

Grade Legally it means that undergraduate and graduate ( FH) graduates are assigned to the upscale service, diploma graduates from universities and colleges as well as all Master and Master graduates the higher service.

Successfully accredited master's degrees at colleges are automatically assigned to the higher civil service, an explicit statement in the accreditation must not take place.

An exception in some states the staggered teacher training, in which after the bachelor 's degree followed by a master. Since primary school teachers do not enter in the higher, but in the upscale service, this assignment here.

Austria

In Austria there is the diploma degree only in the engineering sciences in the form as a graduate engineer or diploma engineer ( FH). This degree is abbreviated either (as in Germany ) with Dipl. -Ing., Or with DI ( no abbreviation dots). Diploma studies in other subjects in Austria lead to a master's degree, but also conferred title Dr. med univ of Human Medicine 2 University Act 2002 is according to § 54 para a diploma degree and not a doctorate. The degree Diplom-Kaufmann was awarded in Austria until 1975. Here was the abbreviation Dkfm. Since then closes it an economics degree with the degree Mag rer.soc.oec. from. The planned period of study for graduate studies is, depending on the study, four to six years. They are divided into two to three study sections, each ending with a diploma examination. The first section typically consists of basic subjects. In the last section a thesis has to be written.

Spain

Diplomatura or Diplomatura universitaria is in Spain a state university degree ( título oficial ), which corresponds to a standard study period of 3 years.

The course is application-oriented and is usually offered only in certain subjects ( nursing, optics, physiotherapy, FH- related engineering courses ). Unlike a Licenciatura entitled to a Diplomatura not for promotion.

This Termination is being phased out under the Bologna process and the assigned grade most likely recognized as a bachelor.

Bologna Process

The diploma courses run as part of the Bologna Process by 2010 largely from. In their place, the tiered study system with Bachelor's and Master is introduced.

Situation in Germany

As a measure of the abolition of the degree courses Higher Education Compass of the German Rectors' Conference can be viewed. He points at 29 December 2009, the undergraduate study programs 521 records for diploma courses and in comparison to 5803 data sets for Bachelor courses on.

• In Baden- Württemberg, no new graduate or graduate programs no longer students in these courses must since the Higher Education Act amendments of 2005 are introduced and latest at the beginning of the winter semester 2009/2010 will be more added.
• In Bavaria, the Higher Education Act stipulates that no later than the beginning of the winter semester 2009/2010 admission to the course in bachelor's degree programs should be the rule (except state examination or church checks).
• In Hesse, only Master's degrees can search the local university law for the first professional degree only bachelor degrees, for a further professional qualification will be awarded. The diploma or other academic degrees are already no longer called.
• In Saxony, no enrollment from winter semester 2008/2009 more is already possible in graduate programs. The diploma courses are in contrast but not abolished in principle to do so.

Some states do not allow it at the moment with their higher education legislation, programs with diploma and other qualifications under certain conditions or in exceptional cases without maintaining a period has been mentioned (see Article 57, paragraph 4 BayHSchG; § 26 SächsHschG; § 9 paragraph 6 HSG LSA ). To what extent are different individual federal states after 2010 by the decision of its Ministers, is currently unclear. The remaining graduate courses have been adapted in structure by adopting the modularization the new Bachelor 's and Master's degree programs.

The University of Munich offers policy since the founding of the University of throughout the graduate studies in political science. Students receive the academic degree of " Diplomaticus scientiae politicae Universitatis " ( Dipl. pol sc. Univ. ) Of the Ludwig- Maximilians- University of Munich. The Technical University of Dresden offers for new students in the winter semester 2010/11 continues to undergraduate degree programs in the fields of Architecture, Civil Engineering, chemical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science (new WS 2010/11), information system technology, mechanical engineering, mechatronics, psychology, sociology, process engineering, traffic engineering and materials science as well as advanced courses in civil engineering, mechanical engineering, software engineering and environmental engineering. These possibilities will remain until further notice in the subjects of electrical engineering, information technology and mechatronics are still usually degree for these subjects. The Zittau / Görlitz offers until further diploma courses in industrial engineering, business administration, housing and real estate industry, mechanical engineering and environmental engineering. The Ernst- Moritz- Arndt- University of Greifswald has over the years throughout the graduate degree in Economics with the degree Diplom-Kaufmann degree or diploma in business administration.

Situation in Austria

The University Act 2002 lays firmly in § 54 paragraph 2, that new studies may only be set up as a bachelor 's, master's or doctoral studies.

Back in 2006 exceeded the number of furnished bachelor studies, the number of graduate studies. However, the number of students was still in graduate study (without teaching ) 2011/12 93 611, the number of students in master's programs only at 32 858

Some existing studies, particularly in the area of ​​law and medicine, will be pursued as a graduate studies.

Vocational diploma

Germany

• A state-recognized degree for graduates of vocational colleges in Germany, for example, graduate engineer (BA )

Austria

In Austria, ie the vocational examination of the vocational high school diploma, they will soon be transferred together with the leaving examination (Matura ) in a uniform ripening and diploma examination for AHS and BHS. The final examination covers the professional shooting (corresponding final exam and final exam at vocational / BMS ) and the business license.

Outside the universities are or were there also offers training courses that are also completed with a diploma and are officially recognized ( medical- technical services, nursing diploma, lower teacher, graduate teacher ). However, these are for the most part on the leakage and will, as well as the academic degree programs gradually migrated to the Bologna model ( professionalization in the human occupations ).

Switzerland

• Recognized degree for graduates of higher vocational school in Switzerland, for example, graduate engineer RF energy technology.
• Final name for the passed Higher exam in Switzerland, a Swiss eg. dipl. Insurance specialist.