Ditto mark

Underpass benzeichnet the replacement of numbers or words in a text that are repeated in one or more rows one above the other standing by a subway sign.

  • 2.1 Examples 2.1.1 according to Duden hyphenated
  • 2.1.2 with em dash
  • 2.1.3 in a dictionary with tilde

Underpass in the strict sense

Typographic Principles

While for a long time, two parallel, almost vertical, slightly oblique strokes are common in handwritten notes as underpass characters, the quote ( " ), since a corresponding Bleiletter usually was not available in the book set traditionally used, in Germany and Austria, the lower quotation marks ( " ), in Switzerland, there used closing quotation mark ( ").

Every single word has to be leads, the underpass characters in typewriter set is in the middle of the word to be leading at the beginning and in the book set. Numbers and associated units must not be leading. Punctuation, however, are without mitverstanden own underpass characters.

Examples

From the typewriter set

From the German book set

From the Swiss Book Movement

Underpass with several words

Even with a set of related words is according to Duden and DIN 5008 each word individually under lead:

In many books, as well as handwritten notes, but you will also find deviations from this rule where the underpass sign between two em dashes is:

Repetition parent keywords

In hierarchical lists parent keywords can according to Duden by the hyphen (-), in practice often by the em dash ( -) and ( particularly in dictionaries ) by the tilde ( ~ ) to be replaced.

Examples

According to Duden hyphenated

With em dash

In a dictionary with tilde

In bibliographies

In bibliographies and reference lists is the name of an author, of which several works are cited frequently by a hyphen (-), en dash (-) saved over long dash (--- ) or long underscore ( ____):

Keipert, Helmut ( 2000). Herder's " Slavs " chapter in the " Danica Horvatska, Slavonska i       Dalmatian " (1835 ) In: . Slavic literatures in dialogue Festschrift for R. Lauer.       on his 65th birthday. Wiesbaden. Pp. 131-140. ---- (2006). The "Language" chapter in August Ludwig Schlozer " Nestor " and the foundation       the historical-comparative method of Slavic linguistics. Göttingen. Unicode

The Unicode character for the term used in German leading double quotes ( " ), U 201 E. The character U 3003 ( 〃 - DITTO MARK ) is provided for CJK text.

Find out more

In the film The Iron Gustav (1958 ), Gustav Hartmann contributes also known as a Heinz Rühmann in the book of the city of Cologne with Underpass characters. The oral mentioned below Foreign Minister, he writes, instead of the usual tender his signature on a new page, " hard " or " hard man under the name of Dr. Gustav Stresemann and smiles happy.

Dash#Em dash CJK characters
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