Divan
The Divan or Dīwān (Persian دیوان ) was in many Islamic countries a high governmental body or the name of its members, sometimes the formal official title the highest state official. In the Ottoman Empire the sofa put the Councilor or the sultan's government dar.
Etymology: font, font collection, management,
The term sofa within the meaning of Oriental State Council ( Turkish divan diwan of Arabic ) is originally a Persian word medium and designated already in pre-Islamic Sassanid a font collection, an archive, a law firm and the entire official administration of the empire. The origins of the word can be via Old Persian dipi ( inscription, document) trace, Babylonian tuppu ( Tablet ) to the Sumerian dub ( Tablet ). In the Arab Caliphate, it was as a loan word in the Arabic language and was previously borrowed already in the Armenian language as Divan (bunch of writing sheets, small book, a collection of poems, but mostly Bible manuscript, translation of the Bible ). From the name itself also " Debir " (Eng. writer ) is derived from Persian.
In modern Persian, the term also refers to a sofa collection of poems with increasingly established traditional Versnormen. See the main article Divan ( collection of poems ) or the sub- item Diwan- e Shams -e Tabrizi and Hafiz.
Financial management, tax administration, customs administration, administration
In the Islamic Caliphate " diwan " first appears in descriptions of the Caliphate of Omar I ( 634-644 AD) from the 9th century. At this time, in making the Arab conquests great wealth to Medina. Therefore, a system of economic management was required. This system of acquisition roles and the management was taken over by the Persians under the name " divan " ( whose empire was captured under Umar ). When the state administration became more complex, the term was extended to all government offices.
The term meaning evolved over "treasure book " to " Treasury ", " customs office ", " Council Chamber " and further to " upholstered bench, sofa bed ", which were usually to be found in Middle Eastern council chambers along the walls (see the main article sofa ). In the 19th century a customs office and an office of a tax farmer was also referred to as sofa in the Ottoman Empire, as the entire financial administration. In the meaning as " financial management ", " customs administration ", the term has been adopted into European languages since the Middle Ages. Douane Today's French and Spanish names and aduana for customs come from diwan.
Ministries
In some Islamic countries was a native of the Caliphate, but originally from the Sassanid tradition to refer to the administration as a sofa, maintained and transferred to modern ministries.
In the Sultanate of Morocco based on numerous Ministerialbezeichnungen called sofa.
- Diwan al - Alaf: Ministry of War
- Diwan al - Bar: "See- Ministry ", ie ( overseas ) Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Diwan al - Shikayat ( or Chikayat ): Complaint Department
Council of State
Since the Middle Ages also the ruler advisory committee, which consisted of the heads of individual departments, was designated as a sofa.
The divan of the Sublime Porte was for many years the Council of State of the Ottoman Empire. This consisted of the grand vizier of the sultan represented in his absence in the Council, and other viziers. Occasionally, the Aga of the Janissaries took this role. In the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian language, the verb also means divaniti as much as talk, discuss long, deliberate .. The importance of Oriental State spread the concept since the 16th century and in other European languages.
In other Muslim countries, such as the Khanate of the Crimea and in the Indian states the highest advisory body of the ruler was called the Divan. However, in the Crimean khanate Divan belonged to not only the viziers, but all tribal leaders ( bey ), clergy and high officials of the state.
In the Ottoman Empire, the members of the High Reichssdivans were often addressed also honorary Divan. Also, in some rich Indian ( Mysore et al ), the title Diwan developed into a formal official title of special adviser high at the top of the administration. See the main article Diwan (title).
In the Javanese and other languages that is related with this designation word is the default name for the "Council", such as in Dewan Rakyat Perwakilan (German Council of People's Representatives ). In Sikhism there for over 100 years a High Council, which deals with the management of social institutions, schools, buildings and cultural heritage of this religious community, the " Chief Khalsa Diwan".
Audience halls, community halls
In all Muslim empires with Hofpersisch as an official language - these were in addition to Persia itself all the Muslim states of Central Asia and India and the Ottoman Empire - heard the term " sofa " yet another meaning transfer towards an audience hall and community hall.
The Persian court ceremonial knew the tradition of audiences, in which not only the ruler and the High Council ( Diwan ) was present. The Persian court culture differed between the Diwan-i Am ( Diwan-i ʿ Amm = " public Council ( saudienz ) " ), a popular audience and the Diwan-i Khass ( Diwan-i HATE = "private Council ( saudienz ) " ), a private audience for rulers, ambassadors and dignitaries. In the referendum audience written petitions and petitions were often presented. In the private audience has often been negotiated longer ( see also the figure above).
For both forms of the audience, there was in most palaces separate rooms, which also contributed to these names. The Diwan-i Am was often much larger and more representative designed ( in Isfahan, for example, adorned with jewels ). The Diwan-i Khas was often significantly smaller, designed simple and private.
Because this audience halls were known with hofpersischer culture in the population of the States formed after the Middle Ages, at least in the 18th century, in many regions the custom to designate magnificent community halls also as a sofa. In this meaning, as oriental meeting room sofa, the term has also been adopted in many Western languages in the context of the Western Orient euphoria of the 19th century.
See the main article sofa ( meeting place ).
Because such community halls in some regions around the Indian Ocean to one or more sides are open and therefore remember, often a Ivan even to a Ivan ( a classic element of Persian architecture ), formed in some regions a misleading folk equating the two similar-sounding terms originally Persian diwan and iwan, which is common in the West. This should synonymisation but, though very common, are avoided as a mistake, because the two terms refer to very different things: a traditional social institution and a classic architectural element.