Doctor of Philosophy
The Ph.D. [pi ː ‿ eɪtʃ di ː ] (also PhD, English Doctor of Philosophy, neulateinisch Philosophiae Doctor ) is in English-speaking countries, the scientific doctoral degrees in nearly all subjects, and the highest degree of postgraduate study. In these countries, the Ph.D. degree is associated in most cases with the authorization to teach at a university.
Description
In the academic degree of Ph.D. is it a scientific research doctorate or a PhD degree with a usual term of three to five years (depending on the admission requirements, see below). Despite the wording is the Ph.D. usually not the doctor of philosophy, but of the usual Anglo-Saxon doctoral degree for most subjects. The subject is usually connected with in, eg, Ph.D. in Economics or Doctor of Philosophy in Arts and Sciences, abbreviated as Ph.D. in Arts and Sciences. Some British universities, such as Oxford and Sussex, use the abbreviation DPhil instead Ph.D. The Ph.D. must be distinguished from more practical vocational qualifications ( Professional Degrees ) in the Anglo- Saxon countries such as the medical doctor's degree Medical Doctor ( MD), which is partially granted without any further scientific qualification after successfully completing his degree, or the Doctor of Business Administration (DBA ) and the Doctor of Science ( ScD ), which is awarded by a similar, but more practical doctoral program.
Entry requirement is for a previous Bachelor 's degree in most cases a master's degree, to U.S., Canadian and English universities and the North American four - to five-year university Bachelor with Honours cum laude degree at least.
The possibility of admission to the PhD studies at North American universities connection depends greatly in practice from the university ranking of that educational institution from where a Bachelor with Honours or Master was purchased. Virtually all North American elite universities such as Harvard (USA) and McGill (Canada), stipulate as a condition usually a two - to three-year master of a very high research activity university, with at least cum laude - degree.
At universities in the UK, the admission requirement is a master's degree or a bachelor first class honors or second class honors, upper division (or a recognized equivalent domestic or foreign qualification) plus a further qualification. This qualification stage usually is that first a registration in a " M.Phil. " Course and after a year by the supervisor of the student, the "supervisor " decided whether a takeover in the actual Ph.D. - can be program. If this is the case, benefits from the " M.Phil " studies can already be counted. The completed Ph.D. certifies " an academic qualification at the highest level".
Generally Ph.D. programs contain at American educational institutions a higher proportion of courses and seminars. However, this is due to the different education systems. Continental European education system, this specialization courses are often already in the master's program (see American school system ). In the Australian education system, there are in the Ph.D. no courses or seminars, it is only written a research paper. In the UK, courses are often only visit when the Ph.D. degree was started directly after a bachelor's degree.
The Ph.D.
is performed after the name, such as Franziska Smith, Ph.D.
In accordance with established scientific convention is a Ph.D.
addressed as Dr.
Not to be confused is the Ph.D. with the German Graduate Scholarship program PHD from the German Academic Exchange Service ( DAAD), the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF ), which also promotes doctoral courses within graduate schools that are not to the Ph.D. lead.
Ph.D. and Bologna
The Bologna process is only of a doctorate 's speech, a distinction between Ph.D. and Dr. is not fixed. In terms of the length of the doctorate is in the final communiqué of the Bologna follow-up conference in Bergen in 2005, we read that the usual workload of the third cycle in most countries corresponds to a three - to four-year full-time study. With the Bologna - Ph.D. is not a general authorization connected to teach at a university, this is also in many European countries for Ph.D. habilitation or teaching certificate required.
Ph.D. in Germany
Leadership of the degree
About the relevant legislation and, if necessary, the procedure to be followed for the recognition or management of a foreign degree is legally binding, the competent Ministry of Science of the federal state information. Prerequisite for the doctorate degree Ph.D. As with all other foreign degrees that the University is entitled under the law of the home country to the degree award. An acquired in an EU or EEA country Ph.D. degree can be performed in Germany as " Dr. " without further additives or origin. The same is true for a resolution of the Standing Conference of 21 September 2001, as amended on 15 May 2008 for doctoral degrees that were obtained in Australia, Israel, Japan or Canada. By the decision of the German Standing Conference of 14 April 2000 ff should be created in the provinces until 2005 a uniform system for the shape of the guide of the degree. This makes the process a Nostrification in Germany is not required. For certain doctoral degrees Russia is a guide without additional technical, but provided with denomination of origin. Ph.D. degrees that were obtained in the U.S., in Germany can also be performed without any further additions as " Dr. " unless the awarding institution by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching as a " Research University (high research activity is classified ) "or as" Research University ( very high research activity ) ".
However, a general rule in the Federal Republic of Germany, that Germany gained over conventional doctoral degree (ie not a Ph.D.) and may not be completed as " Ph.D.". Purchased at a German university degrees may be performed within Germany only in the form in which they are named in the certificate.
The registration of the degree in official documents, such as the pass, results from § 4 and § 5 PassG PersAuswG ( similar rules to the " Dr. " because only the doctoral degree generally come under the system ).
The ministries of education of the states often refer anabin to the database generally in the governance of foreign scientific degrees. The anabin is only indicative and not exhaustive. The creators accept no liability for the accuracy of the information.
Ph.D. in Austria
In the Austrian study law of academic degree Doctor of Philosophy ( abbreviated as PhD) may be awarded if there are at least three years regular study time for each doctoral program.
In contrast to an earlier version of the Universities Act 2002, the PhD is thus not a " superior" or qualitatively different degree than the Doctor and solves these also from not mandatory: the usual doctoral degrees ( Ph.D., Dr. techn, etc.. ). can continue to be awarded, this decision is left to the universities. In particular, PhD does not mean in Austria, that a higher proportion of courses should be mandatory.
Ph.D. in the Czech Republic and Slovakia
The doctoral degrees in the Czech Republic and Slovakia in both countries due to the common state until 1992 largely identical and regulated by law (Law No. 131/2002 Coll in the Slovak Republic, Act No 111/ 1998 Coll in the Czech Republic). You can see the Czech and Slovak doctoral degrees basically divided into four groups, namely, the doctoral degrees medical disciplines, the so-called " small doctoral degrees ," the Doctors of Sciences, the Academy of Sciences and the Science Research doctoral degrees.
The Scientific Research doctorate degrees are within a 3 - to 6 -year-old obtained the doctoral program. This doctoral programs include, inter alia, regular training and seminars and study audits and examinations and concluded with the filing of a state doctoral examination ( viva voce ) and the defense of a thesis with public oral defense. After a successful completion you get the Doctor, abbreviated to Ph.D., in Slovakia as a PhD. , The Doctor of Theology, abbreviated to Th.D. or as a ThD. and the Slovak Doctor of Arts ArtD. The earlier equivalent, the degree of candidate of Sciences ( Czech candidate Ved, Slovak candidate vied ) short CSc., Since 1998 (Czech Republic) and 2002 (Slovak Republic ) is no longer awarded.