Dollart
The Dollard ( Dutch: Dollard ) is a 90 km ² bay in the Ems Mündungsästuar south of the seaport city of Emden. The Dollard from the south is fed with fresh water from the Westerwolder Aa ( Dutch: Westerwoldse Aa). In the northwest, the less than two kilometers wide, between the promontory Punt van bow in the Dutch bank and the Geiserücken located Dollard mouth the connection to the Outer Ems to the North Sea and so forth.
History
The bay is similar to the Jade Bay, the result of marine slumps in late middle age who have the original moorland largely resolved. The illustrated Ubbo Emmius older opinion stating that the Dollard had already emerged in 1277. However, this is not confirmed by contemporary sources. Even the supposed Year 1362 (Second Marcellus ) is by no means assured. According to a tradition, of which the East Frisian chronicler Eggerik Beningaburg reported, the main sluices had only been destroyed in 1413 during a feud. Five years later, the water is said to have first reached the later village Blijham. However, archaeological finds testify to Bad Nieuweschans ( Bad Neuschanz ) Vriescheloo and Scheemda that here in the 15th century dominated freshwater conditions. In contrast, in Pogum a halophilic vegetation was already two centuries earlier available.
The eastern Dollard Breast formed in the first half of the 15th century. Already in 1454 they had built a solid bank of the Ems Notdeich from across the bog to the high Geest at Finsterwolde, which should protect the Oldambt. The western bosom is believed to have originated only from the 1460s. Large parts of this area were largely unaffected by the sea, as in 1509, the Second Cosmas and Damianflut and then the flood Antoni 1511 penetrated far into the interior.
The emergence of Dollard and burglaries of Emsufers least 20 parishes and 10 to 15 more villages and three monasteries have perished. A dozen village churches you have one or even relocated twice. The names of these villages, however, are often disfigured.
They sank the parishes Kalentwalt ( Coldeborgerfehn? ) Haxenerwalt ( Hatzumerfehn? ) Ditzumerwold, Uterpogum, Utbeerte, the market town of Torun, Wilgum, Fletum, Berum, Oosterreide, Wester bow, up- Reiderwolde and Ut - Reiderwolde (with a collegiate ), San (t ) dorp, Stockdorp, Tijsweer, Zwaag, Ooster - Finsterwolde, Ulsda, Megenham, Wynedaham, Houwingagast ( Houwingahof ) Houwingaham and perhaps the most difficult to identify parishes Haxne, Siweteswere, Poel, Rodendebord and Katelmesinke.
These villages Peter Were ( Peterswolde ), Dune Lee ( Duinkerken Marie choir? ) Garmede, Wynham, Jarde ( Bundergaarde ) Bonewerda ( Boen? ) Ockeweer, Astock, Torpsen, De Lidden, Gaddingehorn, Fiemel and perhaps Ayckaweren, Stoksterhorn, Exterhuis, Jansum and Homborg. And finally, the monasteries Palmar ( Porta Sancta Mariae ), Oosterreide and Menterwolde (Campus Sylvae ) with the Monastery Vorwerk De Olde Stoeve. The existence of the villages Beda, Ludgerskerke, Osterbeerde, Maarhuisen and Markhuisen may be doubted, since they are not supported by contemporary sources.
Nesse, Kirchborgum ( Huweghenborch ) Bingum ( Oengum ) and the monastery Vorwerk Goldhoorn ( at Finsterwolde ) are probably counted wrongly to the submerged settlements. Other former bog settlements may expire before the Dollard slumps because of their low position to desertions and only subsequently been included in the lists of the lost villages.
At least 17 villages have been relocated because of flooding on an elevated settlement site: Marie choir ( Critzumerwolde ) Böhmerwold (probably * Bentumerwolde ), St. Georgiwold ( Upwolde ) Weenermoor, Boen ( Bonewerda ) Wymeer, Hamdijk ( Houwingaham or Utham ) Den Ham ( Upham or Nijeham ) Bellingwolde, Vriescheloo, Winschoten Sint- Vitus Holt, Beerta, Oostwold, Midwolda, Scheemda, Meeden, Muntendam and perhaps the predecessor of settlements Bunderhee and Blijham. The church villages Noordbroek and Zuidbroek and possibly also the Coming Dünebroek have been laid earlier.
As a result of the break-in Dollard Emsschleife before Emden was cut off in 1509. While the EMS previously flowed directly under the walls of the city of Emden, the stream bed shifted by the storm surge in the newly created chord of this arc. The Opposite Emden Peninsula Ness Erland was consequently to the island, and the now abandoned by the main flow sheet verschlickte more and more, making the entrance to the port of Emden became increasingly difficult. By about 4.5 km long sheet piling from oak trunks, the " Ness Erlander Hoeft ," Emden tried to seal off the Emsbett newly created, but had to be abandoned the work begun in 1581 again in 1631.
The breakthrough of Ness Erland peninsula seems to have been for the re- silting of Dollard important. As long as the peninsula was, she lay down the advancing from the west tidal wave in the way and drew it on the torn Dollard area. The Ness Erlander Hoeft exerted the same effect. Once it was broken, the tidal wave was amplified enter the Emslauf so that the impact force decreased in the direction of Dollard. The onset of sedimentation then progressed fairly quickly, so much of the foreland were neubedeicht in the first half of the 16th century.
After numerous other Einpolderungen from 17th to 20th century, the Dollard is now shrunk to about a third of its area in relation to its greatest extent. The youngest polder is on the east side of the 1877 diked channel polders, on the north side of Emden urban area in the years 1912-1923 diked Wybelsumer and Larrelter polders.
Geomorphology
In Dollard the North Sea water is strongly mixed with the freshwater tributaries, coastal form and water relations create a brackish area with different salinity levels.
At low water fall about 78 percent of the Dollard area than watts dry. Between the watts and the sea dike extends to the west, south and east of a fringe of about 1100 ha and 100-1200 m wide flood plains, of which 336 ha dike foot omitted watt downward on the German side.
On the north side of the Geiserücken separates the Dollard from Emslauf. From 1872, are current groynes, was created in 1900 and 1930, separating and tail of the German Federal Water Engineering Administration to determine the Geiserücken and increase. This current construction was used exclusively in support of the Emden fairway. Therefore, today carried out the filling and emptying of the Dollard mainly due to the Dollard mouth.
The Dutch, about two kilometers long promontory Punt van bow east of Termunterzijl Dollard is constructed of solid clay and represents how the sheep country in Dyksterhusen on the German side the rest of the old Emsuferwalles dar. It is bordered on the north and east sides by breakwaters and revetments protected, that were already present in 1738.
All dike routes on the southern and western edge of the Dollard have been increased and strengthened in the 1970s and 1980s. The sand for the core of the dikes originated in part from the Outer Ems, partly from the Dollard mouth.
Border demarcation
The Dollard is intersected by the German-Dutch border. Guides you through the Nieuwe Statenzijl in north- westerly direction on the outer harbor of Emden and turns to the west in the northern part. The exact location of the east- west trending boundary there is no unified German - Dutch view. For shipping to own binational shipping order Ems estuary ( EmsSchO ) holds.
Conservation
The Dutch part of the Dollard is since 1977 a nature reserve, which is about 30 percent of the bay making up German Dollard (2250 ha ) was used as a Ramsar site in 1976 and 1980 as a nature reserve, in so far as it belongs to the district Leer / Ostfriesland. In 1986, the designation of an EU bird sanctuary. Since 2000 belongs to the German part of the Dollard National Park Wadden Sea; The section between the Ems estuary at Pogum and the Dutch border near the mouth of the Aa Westerwolder case has the strictest protection status of the protection zone I. The Dollard is the annual roost of tens of thousands of migratory birds. The most spectacular sight while providing the approach of arctic geese as White-fronted Goose, Barnacle Goose, Bean Goose or Greylag Goose, looking in the surrounding grassland food. Focus here is the Rheiderland and emsnahen areas of Moormerland and Westoverledingen. In May be found at the Dollard Dark Wood Sandpiper (Tringa erythropus ) in large numbers. These are the highest figures in all of Lower Saxony. Also, the Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus ) is observed in high numbers.
Any negative environmental effects due to the completion of the Ems barrier between Gandersum at Emden and Nendorp in Rheiderland must be awaited.
Attractions
In Pogum - Dyksterhusen is a heaped platform Dollard, on the 1964 drilling were carried out for natural gas in the year. From this old rig we now have an overview of the whole area of Dollard. At high tide, also the swimming and surfing is possible, a lifeguard does not exist. It is the westernmost point of Jemgum. Access is possible via a bank road by car. Here there is a large parking lot, which may be used 9-22 clock.
At the rig a historic Kreierrennen takes place every year. The Kreier is a watt carriage which was used by fishermen to go into the Wadden Sea to their traps. Today, this type of fishing is little more common.