Driving test

With the driving test ( Austria: driving test, Switzerland: driving test ) the ability of a person to drive motor vehicles is examined. It requires a driver training and has in the existence of access to road transport result. The theoretical and practical examination is conducted by a driving examiner. In Germany and many other countries, before attending a driving school duty.

When granting a license, driving ability is required. With the transfer of the license by the examiner on the day of the driving test the license shall be deemed granted. If facts are known that provide the driving ability in question, calling for a report of an officially approved center for the driving ability before granting a license in Germany.

  • 3.1 license training 3.1.1 Theoretical Training
  • 3.1.2 Practical training
  • 3.1.3 First Aid training
  • 3.1.4 training at the Austrian Federal
  • 3.1.5 Education abroad
  • 4.1 learning journeys / learner's permit
  • 4.2 Practical examination
  • 4.3 Driving license on probation
  • 4.4 Legal basis

Historical

On August 14, 1893, the first driving test took place around the world. Occasion was an arrangement of the police in Paris. The tests were then removed from the Mining Office, the Inspectorate for steam engines. The steam engines, all cars were associated with self- drive.

Were tested the driving skills of the specimen and his knowledge of the vehicle. Minor repairs had to be carried out. The minimum age was 21 years. On March 10, 1899, the driver's license in France was introduced.

In the German Empire the license era began in 1906, initially at the country level. In 1909 the kingdom of law entered on the marketing of motor vehicles in force. A year later, the first license categories were introduced. Members of royal dynasties, however, were exempt from the license requirement.

As the last country in Europe led Belgium on August 1, 1956 driving tests a. Until then, no license was required.

Regulations in Germany

Training

The training of learner drivers will be accepted after the instructor Act ( FahrlG ) from the state-approved driving instructors in the context of a recognized private or official driving school.

The driving instructors teach in the majority adults who want to acquire a license to drive motor vehicles ( learner ) in the scope and objective of the learner Training Regulation ( FahrschAusbO ) in theory and practice. They give content and meaning of the statutory and road traffic legislation and skills in roadworthy and environmentally friendly driving a motor vehicle in the amount of the targeted driving license.

The aim of the training is the pre- forming

  • Knowledge and
  • Skills of
  • Insights and ultimately a
  • Traffic- just and environmentally-friendly behavior

For the protection of the individual and of society.

Prices

An hour's drive (although called driving lesson has to take it does not necessarily 60 minutes, usual 45 minutes) will cost between 20 and 40 €. Some driving schools offer an insurance against the failure to pass the driving test on (so-called " Diarrhea insurance "). Lump-sum or fixed prices for the training will be expressly prohibited. Thus, margins usually indicated by the Driving Schools (eg " between 1300, - € 1700, - € "). It can thereby detect a clear Ost-/West-Preisgefälle: Driver training in Bavaria costs an average of about 2,000, - €; in the new federal states less than 1500, - €.

Example of pricing:

Driving test

The applicant for a license has after driving training after his qualification in a theoretical and a practical examination. It is checked whether the applicant is able to drive a motor vehicle on public roads. The requirements are set out in detail in the license, Regulation ( FeV ).

The decrease of the inspection is performed by an officially recognized expert or investigator for vehicle traffic ( aaSoP ), colloquially called examiners. After passing the driving test, driving license in the tested class is issued. This is done with the issuance of the license by the examiners or the competent driving license authority. The license is the official proof of possession of the driving license.

The decrease of the driving test by driving examiners responsible in Germany exclusively competent in the relevant field technical test. In the old Länder, the driving test from each regionally competent TÜV is operated in the new federal states by DEKRA. Only in Berlin of the license applicant has the choice between TÜV and DEKRA.

Some experts criticize the exclusive purchasing the driving test by engineers ( " aaSoP " ), as technical knowledge and driving skills are hardly relevant due to improved technologies today. Rather, the driving test should give much more than before check attitudinal and behavioral skills that are actually relevant to the accident.

Overview

2010 were carried out in Germany 1593831 theoretical and practical driving tests 1.57264 million, 28.7 % and 25.7 % of them have the tests failed. 1,843,171 people had on January 1, 2011, a probationary license.

Theory test

Depending on driving class is to be taken a theory test. Exceptions are made for the expansion of motorcycle classes on the stage access (A1 to A2, A2 to A) and for the extension of license classes to the accompanying trailer categories (B to BE, C1 to C1E, D1 D1E and D DE). The latter exception does not apply to the extension of class C on CE. Here, a theory test is mandatory.

An adaptation learned the theory test with effect from 19 January 2013 through the introduction of EU-wide unified license categories.

The theoretical examination may be taken no earlier than three months before reaching the minimum age for driving license class. Prerequisite for admission to the theory test is a training certificate for minimum theoretical lessons ( § 16 para 3 FeV ).

Generally, the candidates in the theory test is to demonstrate that he possesses sufficient knowledge of the legal requirements and environmentally conscious driving techniques. Moreover, he should show that he is familiar with the road hazards and know how to deal with them properly.

Specifically, the test substance is composed of the risk doctrine, the behavior on the road, right of way, giving priority to the road signs, the environment, the operational rules, technology and personal driving ability and qualifications.

The theory test is carried out since 2010 on the PC with questions that can be answered by the multiple-choice method. The questions consist of the basic material together for all license classes and the class-specific additive. The questions are occupied according to their assessed importance with two to five penalty points. If the permissible number of penalties is exceeded ( for example, ten points for class B), the test is not passed, or if two questions are answered incorrectly with five penalty points. Furthermore, the test is evaluated at deception or deception attempts as failed.

A failed theory test must be repeated usually every two weeks. By September 2008, the scheme was a three-month test ban, this has been abolished and you may also after the third did not pass inspection in two weeks for the next test. The existence of the theory test is a prerequisite for sitting the practical test. After passing the theory test the application extended by twelve months, so you have then another year to take the practical exam. If at this time the practical exam is not passed, it will invalidate the application and it must, if necessary, a new application be submitted to the driving license office.

In special cases, to dispense with the acceptance of a theory test, for example when the license was previously revoked and have passed in the new grant of less than two years or in the recognition of a foreign driving license. This may also apply depending on the case for the practical test. More details about this regulates the driving license regulations ( FeV ).

As of April 1, 2014 questions come in theoretical driving test with moving situation representations used. With these representations traffic situations to be mapped situation closer. Since this format can not be announced together with the questionnaire in the transport sheet, the publication will be made in electronic form in the Federal Gazette.

Practical test

The completion of a skill test is in most cases a prerequisite for obtaining a driving license class. Only the driver's license of the class L and the moped certificate ( this is not a driver's license ) are stored only in theory.

The practical test may be earlier than one month before the minimum age for driving license class is achieved filed. In addition, the theory test must be passed before.

Generally, the applicant for the skill test is to show that he can lead a safe and environmentally conscious a motor vehicle in its class on the road ( driving ability ). For the bus - D1, D1E, D ​​, DE also a certain level of driving skill is required. Specifically, the test sets depending on the license class composed of the travel preparation, departure control, manual skills, connecting and disconnecting of trailers, the special maneuvers and the test ride. More details, the driving license regulations ( FeV ) and the Directive for the examination of applicants for a license to drive a motor vehicle ( inspection guidelines ) are removed. In addition, the candidate is usually prepared by his instructor on the specific test conditions, in his license class.

If the test is not passed, is obtained from the examiners is a test protocol on which marked the mistakes made and are explained.

The test times stated are minimum times, according to the audit policy FeV. However, they are not the same as the pure driving times, because the exam period also includes various administrative tasks (greeting, review of documents, issuing of driving license, etc.)

Legal bases

  • Driving license regulations ( FeV )
  • Guidelines for the examination of applicants for a license to drive a motor vehicle ( inspection guidelines )

Regulations in Austria

Driving instruction

To get a license, one must first complete a training course and then a driving test. The training is usually completed in a driving school. The theoretical and practical driving tests to be organized from there and taken in the driving schools by state organs.

However, there are also combined forms in which you completed the theoretical part and only a minimal part of the practical training at the driving school and the majority of private as training ride ( L17 - training) or training cruise with private vehicles and a relative or acquaintance performs as a companion, meets certain basic requirements. The L17 - training (actually: 'early driving license for the class B " ) enjoys a growing popularity, because while the license for category B can be purchased with the age of 17 already. Normally the license is acquired only with the age of 18.

Theoretical training

In principle, the first driving test training in the duration of at least 26 lessons of 45 minutes teaching theory based lessons for all classes is demonstrated by driving privileges. Additionally there is a class-specific part ever aspired class, which must be shown before the start of each driving test for a specific license category.

The minimum course duration is typically:

  • Class A: 8 lessons
  • Class B: 6 lessons
  • Category B E: 4 lessons
  • Class C1: 8 lessons
  • Class C: 10 lessons
  • Class C ( expansion of C1 ): 4 lessons
  • Class C E/C1 E / D E: 6 lessons
  • Class D ( expansion of B): 12 lessons
  • Class D (extension of C): 4 lessons
  • Class F: 8 lessons

Publishers and enterprises have already responded to this increasing digitization and offer a variety of learning materials such as Mobile apps, so-called educational CDs, 3D Driving Schools ( PC visualization of road traffic and various traffic situations ) as well as online learning opportunities to prepare for the theoretical driving test on.

Practical training

In principle, the training definitely night rides, rides in the local area in heavy traffic ( in urban areas ) and must include rides in fast traffic ( such as highways or roads ). If several classes simultaneously formed, then the night ride is only necessary in the context of training a class. The additional training in the context of extensions to existing license categories night drives are not required.

The minimum course duration is prescribed in lessons of 45 minutes and is typically:

  • Class A: 12 lessons, with at least 8 lessons are carried out on roads with public transport
  • Class B: 12 lessons
  • Class B and B E: in addition to the class B 2 Lessons B E
  • Class B and C/C1: 20 lessons ( 8 B, 12 C/C1 )
  • Class B and C/C1 E: 22 lessons ( 8 B, 10 C, 4 E)
  • Classes B and D: 20 lessons ( 8 B, 12 D)
  • Class B and C/C1 and D: 28 lessons ( 8 B, 8 C/C1, 8 D, 4 E)
  • Class F: 4 lessons

If B or C/C1 extended from the accompanied driving license classes to other classes then it is the minimum required period of driver training:

  • Class B Class B E: 2 lessons
  • Class B to Class C/C1: 8 lessons
  • Class B to Class C/C1 E: 10 lessons (6 C/C1, 4 e )
  • Class B to Class D: 8 lessons
  • Class B to Class D E: 10 lessons ( 6 D, 4 e )
  • Class B to Class C/C1 and D: 16 lessons (8 C7C1, 8 D)
  • Class B to Class C/C1 E and D: 18 lessons (6 C/C1, 8 GB, 4 e )
  • Class B to Class F: 4 lessons
  • Class C1 to Class C: 4 lessons
  • Class C1 to C1 E: 3 Lessons
  • Category C1 E on Class C E: 6 lessons (3 C, 3 e )
  • Class C1 to Class D: 4 lessons
  • Class C1 to Class D E: 8 lessons (4D, 4 E)
  • Class C to Class C E: 4 lessons
  • Class C to Class D: 4 lessons
  • Category C to category D E: 8 lessons (4D, 4 E)
  • Category D to category D E: 4 lessons

First aid training

In addition to driver training to attend a minimum of six hours of first aid training course is demonstrated in the first issue of a driving license. For classes C and D is a " first aid training " (a minimum of sixteen hours of first aid training course ) is also required.

Training at the Austrian Federal

There is also the possibility of the army driving license, which you can get during the military service, to change it into a civilian driving license.

Education abroad

In strictly legal terms, it is possible to acquire the driving license in each EU Member State. One has in the country to have his normal residence only at least 185 days.

Driving test: Theoretical part

The theory test is performed only on the computer since 25 May 1998. This test can be taken in the languages ​​German, English, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian and Turkish. The questions posed questions are divided into two groups: " General Questions " ( traffic signs, priority examples ( in Germany: the right of way ), behavioral rules of a general nature) and " Class-specific questions " for each license category. These questions have different point values ​​( 2-9 ). For the B class will this pose of 1,488 possible questions 56. For a positive result 80 % of the total credits must be achieved; beyond that are " class-specific questions " extra reviewed, and in this part in the classes A and B 60 %, with the other classes also 80 % of the points must be achieved. On April 1, 2006 for supplementary examinations for classes A, B E, or F entered into force facilitation: There must be answered for these classes only class-specific questions. As a minimum age for completion of this part of the examination shall: half a year before the respective minimum age prescribed for the issue of the required driving license (except L17 - training and Class A in connection therewith ).

Driving Test: Practical part

The practical driving test assumes that the theory test has been passed. It starts normally on a low-traffic area (for example, the practice field a driving school ) with the inspection of the vehicle to transport and condition for safe operation. Then standardized basic maneuvers to be completed ( five exercises: parallel parking, garage parking, turning, slalom, braking target ), providing evidence that one is able to control the vehicle safely. This is followed by a ride connects with the experts. As a minimum age for completion of this part of the examination is considered that minimum age, which is required for obtaining the desired driving license (except L17 - training).

Regulations in Switzerland

First you need an emergency course be completed. This includes 10 hours and costs approximately CHF 150 The emergency rate card is valid for six years.

The Emergency Relief Course ID is required when registering for the theoretical exam. In addition, the application must be accompanied by a proof of a maximum of two years old eye test.

The theory test consists of 50 multiple-choice questions. Are allowed a maximum of 15 errors, otherwise the theory test is failed.

Learning journeys / learner's permit

If the theory test is passed, a learner's permit is issued. This is valid for two years and be entitled to learning runs with an accompanying person, who has reached the age of 22 and for at least three years has the appropriate driving license.

The learner's permit under categories A1 (motorcycle), A, B1 and F entitled to learning journey without an accompanying person. The learner's permit is in principle only valid in Switzerland. At each learning run a shield (white L on a blue background ) must be attached to the vehicle. Specific requirements may be placed on the vehicle, eg in the accessibility of the car hand brake by the accompanying person.

Practical test

Before the end of the learning ticket after two years, the practical examinations must be passed to obtain a driving license. Before signing up for a practical test traffic classes ( VKU ) must have been visited. However, it is not mandatory to have completed a certain number of driving lessons.

The practical exam at the first time 2/3 of the candidates. Average remains a learner's permit at 13 months learner.

Driver's license on probation

The driver's license there from December 2005 to a sample. The trial period lasts three years. Within these three years must be completed twice a training before the permanent ID card may be requested.

When it is removed during the probationary period of driver's license, this shall be extended by one year. After the second counterclaim action that leads to the withdrawal of the driving license, the card will be canceled and the learner's permit must be applied for.

Legal bases

  • Regulation on the approval of persons and vehicles to road traffic ( Traffic Licensing Regulation, VZV)
Driver's education Controlled-access highway
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