Earthworks (engineering)
Earthworks includes all construction, where soil is changed in its position, in its form and in its storage condition. We distinguish the basic processes solving, shop, conveying, placing and compacting in earthworks. Furthermore, between the cut and fill operations can be distinguished from the ground.
These include: soil erosion, Erdmengenbewegung (fachsprachlich: masses of earth movement ), soil backfill, fills and embankments, Baustraßenbau, excavation for trenches, excavators above and below water, foundation excavation, of excavations for buildings, etc. earthworks are part of the structural work.
Earthworks
It is possible to distinguish different earth structures:
- Dam
- Bleed
- Incision
- Excavation / excavation
- Utility trench
- Backfill
You will be required for infrastructure such as canals, roads, railways, and for dams and landfills. Also, leveling and compacting large areas, for example for airports counts for earthworks. Another purpose may be the delivery of sand, gravel, or soil or disposal of the bottom masses.
Earthworks leads you out with earthmoving equipment such as excavators, scrapers, graders, crawler ( bulldozer ) and superchargers, partly by hand with picks, shovels, wheelbarrows and spades.
The necessary calculations for earthworks ( proof of stability ) are among the geotechnical disciplines Erdstatik, foundation engineering and soil mechanics, material tests for concrete construction projects are carried out in Erdbaulaboratorien. Basic research also operate the geosciences, in particular Engineering Geology and Soil Science. The planning of earthworks and construction machinery use are the responsibility of the Construction Methods ( Construction Management ).
A distinction is made according to the characteristics and thus the solubility of the soil in the soil classes 1 to 7 in the Construction Law of the public sector in Germany, the Additional technical terms of contract ZTV, agreed the ZTV -E here for jobs. The provisions clarify a definition and minimum requirements for the processing of Erdstoffe in the construction contract. To determine the theoretical basis of soil properties, as well as the control of construction are building labs and Erdbaulabore.
Earthworks in hydraulic
An essential part of hydraulic engineering as port construction, sewer construction, Felsabtrag, land reclamation, coastal defense and keep clear of the harbor and fairways of sand and mud is composed of earthworks.
Thus, by specialized companies, such as Royal Boskalis Westminster, the purpose a fleet of 300 ships, maintains, and Van Oord, billion tons of sand and mud moves. In Dubai, for example, is an artificial island in the shape of palm trees piled up and secured with the three ships Ursa, Taurus and Colbart with a coastline of 120 km ( Palm Iceland I), for which approximately 200 million cubic meters of sand and stones have to be moved. Mostly, however, it comes to container ports, gas terminals, land reclamation for commercial buildings along the coasts of millions of cities, etc.