East Frisian Low Saxon

The East Frisian Platt is the Low German vernacular in East Friesland. Self descriptions are Platt, Plattdütsk or Oostfreesk. Ostfriesland is one of the regions where Low German still has a relatively strong position. Under the influence of High German, however, a decline of language skills among younger speakers recorded. The term refers Ostfriesisch in common usage today mostly on the East Frisian Platt and only rarely on the extinct East Frisia East Frisian in language that is spoken outside of East Friesland only in Saterland of around 2,000 people ( Sater Frisian language ).

  • 5.1 vowels 5.1.1 monophthongs
  • 5.1.2 diphthongs and triphthongs

Classification

The East Frisian Platt is part of the Lower Saxon branch of Low German (West Low German ). However, it is not an old Saxon dialect, but was only from about 1400 to Frisian substrate. So it's like the Schleswigsche and almost the entire Ostniederdeutsche (except the Altmärkische ) a " colonial dialect ". The East Frisian Platt is assigned to the Northern Lower Saxony within the West Low German in the rule. Only rarely is treated separately from this.

For the Middle Low German dialect time a structure is possible only on the basis of the traditional written language. Agathe Lasch assigns 1914, the East Frisian Middle Low German with the Oldenburgische as Ostfriesisch - Oldenburgische a written language. Robert Peters, however, sums up 1984 Groningisch - Frisian to a Middle Low German dialect writing together.

In particular, the older Dutch literature knows the term friso - saksisch ( " Frisian - Saxon "), Low German dialects in Frisian substrate, of which the East Frisian Platt was classified. In particular, the western East Frisian dialects were often combined with the Groningen dialects to Gronings - Oostfries.

Adjacent dialects

The East Frisian Platt are close to the surrounding Lower Saxon dialects: in the east the East Frisian becomes the Jever countries and nordoldenburgische Platt, in the west it is the Groninger Platt still very similar in spite of the increasing recently influence of the different roof languages. With most of the Groningen and North Oldenburg local dialects it also has the Frisian substrate in common.

In the south and southeast, the related dialects of Emsland, Hümmlinger and Südoldenburger Platts are spoken. These have no Frisian substrate. In addition, the strong denominational boundary between the Protestant and Catholic Ostfriesland EMS and Munster country has long held back the contact of the dialects.

History

The original vernacular between Lauwers and Weser was the East Frisian language. This was in Ostfriesland replaced from about 1400 by Middle Low German, but also influenced the new language. The coming into use in Ostfriesland Middle Low German also had not only Frisian substrate but also a conservative Low German special vocabulary that had not been preserved in other dialects. The differences to the surrounding Low German dialects are based in part to this day on these two special developments. Traces of the distinction between ems and weserfriesischer variant of Altostfriesischen can be found to this day in the East Frisian Platt. The Middle Low German, which found its way into East Friesland, was a Western-influenced dialect, so read until today also Westphalian influences in the language again.

Over time, influences from the Dutch language, and thus the French were added, culminating in the membership of East Friesland to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland. Dutch was widespread, especially in the Calvinist southwest of East Friesland and as a church language until the 19th century in use. This interaction was reinforced by frequent immigration and emigration to and from the Netherlands.

Dialects

The East Frisian Platt has numerous local dialects, which differ primarily by a change in pronunciation and vocabulary differences. Here, there are two main groups. The smaller group is called Harlingerländer Platt and finds himself in the east, as in present-day County Witt mouth. These dialects are already the eastern North Lower Saxon dialects closer and merge seamlessly into the Jever countries and North Oldenburg Platt on. The western dialects set against it more from the Oldenburg from. These dialects, especially the Rheiderländer Platt and the Borkumer Platt, already the Groninger platforms are very close.

A striking outward difference between the Harlingen Platt and the rest of the East Frisian is the word for speak / talk: the Harlingerländer chat like most other dialect speakers between Oldenburg and Schleswig. The rest of the East Frisian Proten ( cf. Dutch praten ). The language border of these two groups is roughly equivalent to that of the Weser Frisian dialects emsfriesischen and the old Frisian language.

In a work of the linguist Marron Curtis Fort to Lower Saxony and Sater Frisian dialects between Lauwers and Weser following locations are within Ostfrieslands speech samples to the different dialects examined: the island of Borkum, Bunde in Rheiderland, Aurich, Baltrum, Witt mouth in Harlingerland and Rhauderfehn. Arguably, this choice of dialect diversity.

A very unique group typical idiom within the East Frisian Platts made ​​in the past, now lost lingua franca of the (often Jewish ) cattle dealer, in an unconventional platform partially mingled with Yiddish and other linguistic elements.

Features

Ostfriesisches platform differs in a number of characteristics from the northern Lower Saxony, as it is east of Bremen spoken to Schleswig -Holstein. Similar to the Dutch language or Alemannic dialects often from diminutive (the diminutive form ) made ​​use of. The diminutive suffix -je and - tje or - ke, for example Footjes = feet, Kluntje = piece of candy for the tea, Lüüntje = sparrow, sparrow (Passer domesticus), Tüütje = chicken. In the Groningen platform there are the same words: Voutjes ( vout ), klontje ( clones ), Luntje ( lunt ) Tuutje ( toot ).

The diminutive is also often found in East Frisian first names, especially female, which then become independent name.

Important differences to the neighboring Low German dialects also be found in the grammar: So Ostfriesisch has the unit plural in-en ( otherwise mostly -et ), and knows the consistent implementation of ingwäonischen ( North Sea Germanic ) metathesis of the Germanic pronouns: listen for her ( otherwise mostly low German eer ) and Hum hum or for him / it ( otherwise mostly eem, despite generally low German hey male for third person singular).

Phonetics and phonology

The phoneme inventory of Low German Ostfriesland is not generally to describe, especially as the realization of the vowels in the various local dialects can vary considerably. The following description may serve as an example that does not absolutely, but in large parts is valid.

Vowels

Monophthongs

In addition to the vowels listed below, but there is the long vowel [o: ], but only in the diphthong: found [o ɪ ]. The consonant / r / is to the Silbenauslaut often [ ɐ ].

Short vowels:

Long vowels:

Diphthongs and triphthongs

The Low German East Friesland is rich in diphthongs and also has triphthongs in many local dialects on.

Consonants

Voiced plosives are hardened in final position in the rule. In the absence of a vowel in final position, the voicing of consonants, however, can be maintained, for example: De dode man. / De dood man.

Plosives:

Fricatives:

Other consonants:

As with other regional and minority languages ​​can also be observed in the East Frisian Platt that the phoneme inventory slowly adapts to the dominant standard language.

Vocabulary

Also in the vocabulary, there are differences to standard German, a series of words has their next match in Dutch or English.

Examples

In addition, terms that have taken a opposite the German divergent development of common root, which it approaches the English or Dutch find. An example:

A comparison of the Low German East Frisian Platts with the last surviving dialect of the East Frisian language, the Sater Frisian, shows the different development on the volume level for the voice change from the Frisian Low German, but also similarities in the vocabulary.

The East Frisian standard greeting is Moin. The greeting is known in many parts of northern Germany and beyond, its exact derivation but still not fully understood. Despite an unlikely origin of " Good morning," he is no explicit morning greeting. Instead, it is used in Ostfriesland at any time day or night.

Spelling

Is written East Frisian Platt, in which a considerable regional literature exists mainly in the " Schrievwies Oostfreeske Landskupp ", is oriented towards the Lindow'schen spelling rules spelling. This was developed by the East Frisian landscape. It represents a dialect cross compromise sensitive and is used as "official spelling".

In addition, there are, out of a private initiative, since about 1975, an alternative notation, which focuses more on the actual pronunciation of the East Frisian Platts and for every sound only one form of writing allows. It can be distinguished by the addition of characters for vowels, the lengths that have both Phonemcharakter as well as grammatical functions. However, this has so far only little spread. One reason for this may be that this additional diacritics are used, which for an active speaker can in principle be self-explanatory, but many appear to be alien and extra need to be learned. A too tight ajar to the pronunciation spelling also results due to the numerous dialects means that a Ostfriese "his" Low German in the text of another East Frisians not recognize. In the hope of the alternative spelling extent counteract, as a default font is aimed independently of local or individual differences in pronunciation.

The East Frisians and their language

The attitude of the East Frisian towards their platform is occasionally somewhat ambiguous. Time and again there have been periods in which Platt was shunned and partially suppressed targeted because it was regarded as backward, outdated and advancement under the conditions recently hindrance. Also prejudices concerning the social position of platform speakers played a role. On the other hand, East Frisian Platt was seen as crucial identity- factor and you are only loosely embeddedness in the circle of the Speaker of the East Frisian Platts handed, for example, to distinguish themselves stressed to different regional origin, especially the neighboring Oldenburg and Emsland region.

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