English landscape garden
The English landscape garden ( also English landscape park, a short English garden or English park ) is a landscape garden (Landscape Park), whose form and style developed in England in the 18th century. Within the history of garden design he created as a deliberate contrast to the previously dominant Baroque garden the French style, which forced nature in geometrically precise shapes.
Features
Unlike in the French- influenced baroque gardens with their large geometric flower beds ( parterres ) are found in the classic English landscape gardens hardly flowering plants. The aim of the English garden was to eliminate the hitherto existing mathematical rigor of the exact scale flower beds and trimmed hedges and to orient the garden design more according to what nature has to offer, ideally, to views. It reflects the principle of a natural landscape should reflect that should give pleasure to the eye of the beholder by different and varied impressions in terms of the ideal of a " walk-in landscape painting". Despite a target "naturalness" is an English garden a work of art, which is based on the aesthetics of a landscape painting of the ideal landscape painting, were instrumental artists such as Claude Lorrain, Nicolas Poussin and Gaspard Dughet. In this sense, offer landscape gardens " picturesque " views. The emergence of such parkland was caused in Britain by intensive grazing in the field of local early industrialization.
The English landscape gardens are by remotely invisible ditches or sunken walls, Ha -Ha called, separated from the surrounding landscape. The English landscape architect William Kent grabbed at his spacious garden planning at the Ha -Ha as invisible design element back. This was first introduced by Charles Bridgeman in the garden design. It is a ditch that separates the actual garden of the adjoining countryside without that one sees a transition. In this way, the nearby garden was visually merged into one unit with the more rearward landscape without major fences and hedges interfered with the view.
To accentuate the horizon, ancient temples, and later Chinese pagodas, artificial ruins, caves and hermitages ( hermitages ) were set in the landscape. Instead of straight canals, round pools and cascades that could be admired from the geometrically exact maintained paths from the baroque garden, there were in the English Garden is varied through the countryside curving roads and rivers. Lancelot ' Capability' Brown created gardens (or rather parks ) with wide lawns, generously winding ways, were writhing rivers and natural-looking ponds and lakes, between the rows of planted free of matching trees or small woods. Often, the paths were also applied slightly recessed so that they could not be seen by other ways out from the side and undisturbed lawns falsely believe.
A phenomenon of the 18th and early 19th century were the jewelry hermits, professional hermit who lived during a stipulated period in specially decorated hermitages and could be seen at certain times of the day to entertain the owners of the park and their guests with the sight of her. Towards the end of the 18th century neo-Gothic buildings were also in fashion, under the influence of Horace Walpole, who also wrote a book about English Garden Art ( Essays on Gardening 1794).
In modified form, the idea of the English Garden was also imported into the neighboring countries. Examples from Germany are designed by Friedrich Ludwig Sckell English Garden in Munich and the Romberg Park in Dortmund or the George Garden and the Hinübersche Park in Hanover. A leader in the introduction in Germany was Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld, whose theory of garden design appeared in five volumes 1779-1785. He influenced, for example, Carl Heinrich August Graf von Lindenau (1755-1842), the Park is in one of the earliest makers of English gardens in Germany, even if certain ideas still go back to the garden ideals of sensibility. The landscape architectural development on the European continent is greatly to thank the "Garden Prince " Hermann von Pueckler.
As the largest landscape park in Europe applies the 200 km ² comprehensive cultural landscape Ledice (German: Eisgrub ) and Valtice in Southern Moravia (Czech Republic ) which carries the title " UNESCO World Heritage " today.
Examples of landscape gardens
Examples in Germany
- From - Halfern Park in Aachen
- Lousberg Park in Aachen
- Müsch Park in Aachen
- Schönbusch in Aschaffenburg
- Prince Pueckler Park Bad Muskau
- Fürstenlager in Bensheim ( South Hesse )
- Schloss Biebrich in Wiesbaden
- Park of the property Villa Haas
- Castle William near Calden
- The Hofgarten in Coburg
- Prince Pueckler Park Branitz at Cottbus
- Prinz- Emil- garden in Darmstadt- Bessungen
- Landscape Park Dennenlohe
- Dessau- Wörlitz: Woerlitzer Park
- Oranienbaum
- Palace and Park Mosigkau
- Palace and Park Großkühnau
- Park and Castle Georgium
- Luisium
- Sieglitzer mountain
- Park Sanssouci
- New Garden
- Park Babelsberg
- Park Glienicke
- Peacock Island
Examples in Austria
The most significant landscape park Austria is the Castle Park in Laxenburg, where you will also find many classical and romantic follies, such as the Franzensburg.
Examples in Switzerland
- The Ermitage Arlesheim Arlesheim is the largest English-style garden in Switzerland. The park was built on the initiative of Balbina of Andlau- Staal and their cousin Henry of canon Ligerz and opened in 1785.
- Jardin Anglais in Geneva
- Park of the Villa Patumbah in Zurich
- Old Botanical Garden Zurich
Examples in England
Examples of English gardens in England are the current applied to the poet Alexander Pope in Twickenham Garden ( no longer exists ), William Kent's Landscape Park in Claremont House and Stowe House, the system created for Lord Burlington at Chiswick, John Vanbrugh's Garden Aislabie in Studley and Stourhead at Stourton in Wiltshire.
Examples in France
- Jardin des Plantes in Angers
- English Garden in the Jardin Albert Kahn in Boulogne- Billancourt
- Jardin Monstrelet in Cambrai
- English Garden in the Chantilly castle
- Jardin Lecoq in Clermont- Ferrand
- Garden City Cognac
- English Garden in Compiègne castle
- English Garden in Dinan
- Parc Bertin in Douai
- Park of Ermenonville
- English Garden in the castle Fontainebleau
- Park at the Fontaine -Henry castle
- Jardin botanique de Haute -Bretagne in Le Châtellier
- Parc de la Tête d'Or in Lyon
- Park of castle Méréville
- Parc Monceau and Parc Montsouris in Paris
- Parc Beaumont in Pau
- Castle park Bois- Préau in Rueil -Malmaison
- Jardin de la Rhônelle in Valenciennes
- English garden of the Petit Trianon at Versailles
- English Garden Vesoul
Example from Poland
- Garden in Arcadia, Circle Łowicz, Łódź Voivodeship
Example, in Russia
- English landscape garden of the former summer residence of Russian tsars in Pavlovsk