Erebia euryale
Erebia euryale
Erebia Euryale, disuse also Bindiger White Mountain Forest Ringlet Ringlet or mountain - called [Note 1] ( Satyrinae ) a butterfly ( butterfly ) from the subfamily of moth eyes.
- 5.1 Notes and references
- 5.2 Literature
Features
The moths are medium sized and have a wingspan of about 40 millimeters. The ground color of the wings varies in darker shades of brown. The top of the front and rear wing has a relatively wide red Postdiskalbinde which some of the veins is slightly constricted or even dissolved in red spots. The binding is usually not sufficient to the front and rear edge of the wing. In the binding multiple sitting, usually three to four, varying greatly in size black eye patch, which are cored rather frequently white on the top rather rare, on the underside of the wings. The hind wing underside the color and intensity of the Postdiskalbinde varies particularly strong. You may be very weakly drawn and almost hardly stand out from the color, or especially in the females be limited yellowish whitish and very hot inside. Occasionally even a second binding is formed that limits the root region inward focus. The variability in the drawings, the size and configuration of the eye spots and especially the education of Postdiskalbinde on the hindwing underside gave rise to the formation of numerous subspecies, varieties and aberrations. The male has no fragrance shed spot on the top of the front wings.
The egg is oval in its basic form, however, broadly rounded at the top, clearly flattened bottom. It is after the filing first light yellow or whitish with a faint yellowish tint. After a few it turns brownish or light beige. The surface has 13 to 18 (generally 15 to 17) clear of longitudinal fins.
The caterpillar is light brown in the 5th stage, less commonly reddish brown. The bright -rimmed back line is dark brown to blackish, and is on the first segments mostly weak, clearly formed on the rear segments. The side ridge lines and the side lines are drawn dark brown, brown or gray-brown and clear. The side line over the spiracles ( Epistigmatale ) is usually extended wedge-shaped in the segments 2-7. The rounded head is brown and without markings.
The stocky -looking doll measures 12 to 14.5 mm in length. The proboscis sheath is significantly longer than the elytra. Head and abdomen are light brown, thorax, extremities and elytra are somewhat lighter colored. The spiracles are brown. The elytra have no drawing of the abdomen only a very weak one. The cremaster is pulled in two blunt peaks, but they bear no bristles.
Similar Species
Erebia euryale usually can hardly be confused with the white cohesive Ringlet ( Erebia ligea ). It differs mainly by the smaller size and the rear wing underside, where the white band is usually absent. However, some populations ( subspecies ) also have a white band whose outer boundary is always washed out. The White Cohesive Ringlet ( Erebia ligea ) always has a significantly limited white Postdiskalbinde, which may be in single copies also greatly reduced, however, and can therefore make a distinction difficult. When cohesive White Mountain Forest Ringlet single, small white spots are present on the hindwing underside usually. The gray Cohesive Ringlet ( Erebia aethiops ) has a gray-white, slightly washed-out bandage on his hind wing underside.
Geographical distribution and habitat
Erebia Euryale comes in mountainous locations from Spain to the Urals (but see below Taxonomy ). It is demonstrated in the Cantabrian Mountains, the Pyrenees, in the French Massif Central, the Jura, the Alps, the Carpathians, in the Giant Mountains ( southern Poland, Czech Republic), in the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula to the Pindus and Rhodope Mountains in northern Greece and southern Apennines up to Abruzzo. Other deposits are found in northern Russia, South Russia ( Udmurtia ) and the Urals. However, the incidence is controversial in the Urals; some authors see achieved in Karelia, the eastern boundary of the site.
The species prefers coniferous forests, glades and green alders from an altitude of 800 meters in the Jura and in the northern Alps. In the Southern Alps and the Pyrenees, it occurs from an altitude of 1,600 meters. In the Central Alps, it occurs up to an altitude of 2,400 meters.
Way of life
Erebia Euryale has a two year development cycle. The time of flight of butterflies is between late June and late August. Through the two-year development period, the two cohorts of the population can be unequal frequently. In the Bavarian Alps, the moths are more common than in the even years in odd-numbered years. Eggs are laid singly attached to green or dried plant parts near the ground.
The eggs of Erebia euryale hibernate first before developing caterpillars. They hatch in the spring and feed on various Süßgräserarten. They overwinter as half-grown caterpillars again. A total of five stages are formed (L1 -5). Tolman & Lewington call as caterpillar food plants Lime Blue Grass ( Sesleria albicans), Genuine sheep fescue ( Festuca ovina ), Common Red fescue ( Festuca rubra), alpine fescue ( Festuca alpina), grove bluegrass ( Poa nemoralis ), Blue Green Rushes ( Carex flacca ), rust - sedge ( Carex ferruginea ) and Colorful reed grass ( Calamagrostis varia). Sonderegger (2005) also calls still bristle grass ( Nardus stricta ), Horst- sedge ( Carex sempervirens), whitish wood rush ( Luzula luzuloides ), Common orchard grass ( Dactylis glomerata ), lawn Schmiele ( Deschampsia cespitosa ), Common sweet vernal grass ( Anthoxanthum odoratum ) and Mean quaking grass ( Briza media ). The verpuppungsbereite bead made of a few strands and dry plant parts a chamber, usually on the ground in clumps of grass in which they then pupate. In breeding, the pupal stage lasted 13 to 15 days.
Taxonomy
The taxonomy ( extent and subdivision ) of Erebia Euryale is currently being discussed still controversial. While authors from Western and Central Europe rather summarize the individual populations and consider them as subspecies, they are referred to by Russian authors as Euryale - Artkomplex and treated as an independent, closely related species. You can see the two extreme positions in the taxonomy rewrite " splitting" in the terms of " lumping " and. Differ correspondingly in the literature area information on Erebia Euryale. In the broad wording of Art ( " lumping " ) to distinguish between six and eight subtypes:
- Erebia Euryale Euryale Esper, the Nominatunterart, Giant Mountains, Sudetes, Northern Alps.
- Erebia euryale adyte Hübner, 1822, in the Central and Southern Alps to the Ortler group and in the Swiss Jura and parts of the Abruzzo. This subspecies has larger eye-spots with clear white core, the red-brown napkin is usually constricted at the core 4 something.
- Erebia euryale ocellaris Staudinger, 1861, east of the Eastern Alps and the Southern Alps of the Ortler. In this red-brown binding is greatly reduced, so that usually only red-brown spots are to see the point-like, ungekernten ocelli. Intermediate forms with reduced binding are locally ago in Switzerland. Schmitt & Haubrich (2008) but found only small genetic differences to Erebia euryale isarica and consider ocellaris only as a local form of race.
- Erebia euryale isarica Heyne, 1895, Northern Alps, the Swiss Jura, French Massif Central, in the males of the eye-spots are blind
- Erebia euryale Syrmia Fruhstorfer, 1909, Balkans, Bulgaria, Romania
Added to this are the populations of the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains, the molecular genetic differ significantly from the populations of the Western Alps and the Alps. Here the name antevortes Verity, 1927 would be available, but which is not used by the authors of the study. It is unclear the extent of the taxon to the east. Tatarinov & Dolgin (1997) still considered euryaloides Tengström, 1893 euryale as a subspecies of E.. The population in the northern Urals was also found to be E. arctica euryale to the taxon. Vadim Tshikolovets also followed in 2003 this view.
A much stronger split setup taxonomy of Erebia euryale suggested Korshunov & Nikolaev ( 2004). They speak of Erebia euryale - Artkomplex. After that Erebia divided euryale s.str. into the following types:
- Erebia euryale tramelana Reverdin, 1918
- Erebia euryale isarica Heyne, 1895
- Erebia euryale tatrica beach, 1915
- Erebia Euryale Euryale ( Esper, 1805)
- Erebia euryale Syrmia Fruhstorfer, 1909
- Erebia euryale segregata Reverdin, 1918
The populations of the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains are treated as separate species Erebia antevortes Verity, 1927 separated and divided into three subspecies:
- Erebia antevortes antevortes Verity, 1927, high Pyrenees
- Erebia antevortes cantabricola Verity, 1927, Cantabrian Mountains
- Erebia antevortes pyraenaeicola Goltz, 1930, Eastern Pyrenees
In addition, two populations were separated in the Eastern Carpathians as Erebia polo nina Nikolaev, 2004 and Erebia Limena Nikolaev, 2004 as a separate species.
The former subspecies euryaloides Tengström 1869 is considered as an independent species with five subspecies:
- Eerebia euryaloides euryaloides Tengström, 1869
- Eerebia euryaloides flaveoides Korshunov et Tatarinov, 1996
- Eerebia euryaloides taiga Nikolaev & Korshunov, 2004
- Eerebia euryaloides zhuravskyi Nikolaev & Korshunov, 2004
- Eerebia euryaloides arctica Poppius, 1906.
The respected in the conservative view as a subspecies euryale adyte ( Hübner ) is evaluated by these authors as being a distinct species, with the following types:
- Erebia adyte adyte ( Hübner, 1822), South Western and Central Alps
- Erebia adyte etobyma Fruhstorfer, 1909 (? = Phoreta Fruhstorfer, 1918), Maritime Alps
- Erebia adyte brutiorum Turati, 1911, Apennines
In the Artkomplex belongs to these authors also Erebia ocellaris Staudinger, 1861, and Erebia iremelica Korshunov, 1995 from the Middle and Southern Urals Mountains. According to the molecular genetic studies of Schmitt & Haubrich (2008) and morphological studies of Sonderegger (2005) should not prevail this extensive fragmentation of Erebia euryale well.