Eriocaulaceae
The Eriocaulaceae are a family of plants that belongs to the order Süßgrasartigen ( Poales ). It includes eleven genera and about 1400 species.
The types of Eriocaulaceae are mainly represented in the tropics and subtropics, the richest in South America. A few species occur in temperate latitudes, such as in eastern North America, the British Isles and in Japan. They thrive mainly at higher altitudes or high levels.
Description
Vegetative characteristics
There are annual or perennial herbaceous plants, which are usually small. Some species are aquatic plants. The alternate, usually spirally arranged in rosettes and at the base of the plant leaves are simple, sessile, parallel-veined, grass -shaped and entire. The stomata are parazytisch.
Generative features
In capitate inflorescences many flowers are summarized. They are mostly monoecious ( monoecious ) or rarely dioecious ( dioecious ) getrenntgeschlechtig. The flowers are always unisexual, either male and female flowers on one plant or more rarely on various plants. The flowers are radial symmetry to strongly zygomorphic and two to threes. The two to three sepals are rarely grown. The two to three petals are rarely fused into a hairy lobes. The male flowers containing one or two loops, each with two or three stamens. Particularly typical of the family trait is that the three-cell pollen grains are spiraperturat. The female flowers have staminodes on (reduced stamens ). The two or three carpels are fused into a superior ovaries. Each ovary contains specialized in apical placentation only one ovule. The two or three pens are completely free, partially or completely fused. Only Eriocaulon nectaries are present in the flowers.
Are formed capsule fruits. The seeds contain starch.
The base chromosome number is n = 8 or 10
System
The clearly monophyletic family Eriocaulaceae is placed in the order of Poales ( Chase & al. 1995, Linder & Kellogg 1995, Stevenson & Loconte 1995, Givnish & al. 1999 Giulietti & al. 2000, Bremer 2002, APG III, 2009). The most complete treatment of the family was so far by Wilhelm Otto Eugen Ruhland 1903. Now several new works are, most recently by Maria José Gomes de Andrade et al., 2010.
There are two subfamilies with a total ( nine to ) eleven genera with about 1400 species in this family:
- Subfamily Eriocauloideae: Eriocaulon L.: With about 479 species.
- Mesanthemum Körn. With about 15 species only in tropical Africa and Madagascar
- Actinocephalus ( Körn. ) Sano: With about 28 species.
- Blastocaulon Ruhland: With five species in Brazil
- Lachnocaulon Kunth: With seven species in the southeastern U.S. and in the West Indies
- Leiothrix Ruhland: With about 64 species in many parts of South America.
- Paepalanthus Mart. With about 462 species, including the species of the former genus Moldenkeanthus P.Morat.
- Philodice Mart. With only two species in Latin America.
- Rhodonanthus Duke: With about six ways, including Wurdackia Moldenke, only on the Guayanaschild.
- Syngonanthus Ruhland: With about 200 species, including the species of the former genus Coman Thera LBSm. and Carptotepala Moldenke. It has a disjoint area in North and South America and Africa.
- Tonina Aubl. With the only kind: Tonina fluviatilis Aubl. in the north of South America
Swell
- The Eriocaulaceae in APWebsite family. (English )
- The Eriocaulaceae at DELTA of L.Watson and MJDallwitz family. (English )
- Sylvia Phillips: Flora of tropical East Africa, CRC Press 1997, Volume 172, Eriocaulaceae, ISBN 9789061913771: Google Books Online.
- N. Hensold: Eriocaulaceae, pp. 1-58, in Julian A. Steyermark, PE Berry, K. Yatskievych & BK Holst, Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, Volume 5, Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 1999 ..
- Maria José Gomes de Andrade, Ana Maria Giulietti, Alessandro Rapini, Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz, Adilva de Souza Conceição, Ricardo Paulo Machado de Almeida, & Cássio van den Berg: A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Eriocaulaceae: Evidence from nuclear (ITS ) and plastid ( psbA - trnH and trnL -F) DNA sequences in taxon, Volume 59, Number 2, 2010, pp. 379-388: PDF online text. ( Section systematics)
- PT Sano, M. Trovo & Ana Maria Giuliett: Neotropical Eriocaulaceae at neotropikey.
- David John Mabberley: The Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants. Cambridge University Press 1987. ISBN 0-521-34060-8