Étienne-Jules Marey

Étienne -Jules Marey ( born March 5, 1830 in Beaune, Côte- d'Or, France, † May 15, 1904 in Paris) was a French physiologist, inventor and pioneer photo.

Family

His father, Claude Marey, was a wine merchant, his mother a teacher. Marey remained unmarried.

Education and work

He attended the Collège Monge in 1838 in his hometown and was pushed after graduation (1849 ) from his father to study medicine. Marey first went to the École polytechnique what his scientific and mechanical talents corresponded, and then in 1850 to study medicine in Paris.

He then worked as interns at the Hôpital Cochin. During this time he began to be interested mainly for the physiology and pathophysiology of the circulatory system. After completing his clinical training with honors in 1859 he laid before his dissertation. Since 1857 his works have been published to circulatory physiological topics: Hydraulics of the circulation, dikrotischer pulse, vasomotor - sphygmographische technology. An attempt to establish themselves as a general practitioner, failed. After a short stay in the laboratory of Carl Ludwig in Vienna in 1860, he returned to Paris to develop his first sphygmograph.

By 1864 Marey led the bohemian lifestyle, lived and worked in a small Parisian apartment in the Rue Cuvier. In 1868, he moved into a former building of the Comédie Français, where he rebuilt the auditorium and the stage rooms to laboratories and homes. His circulatory physiological work was carried out usually here, first with photographic equipment from Germany ( Ludwig kymograph ), then with own designs. Until then he had done all the research projects outside scientific or medical review boards.

1867 Marey was an assistant professor at the Collège de France, a fully independent research and teaching institution. In 1869 he took over the office of the Natural historian Marie -Jean -Pierre Flourens as professor of Histoire naturelle des corps organisés. In 1872 he was member of the Académie de Médecine ( Presidency 1900) and recorded in 1878 in the more important Académie des Sciences, where he succeeded Claude Bernard.

In 1880 he brought his laboratory in a large building on the Boulevard Delessert. The winter months spent mostly Marey in his Italian villa on the Gulf of Naples, which he had acquired in 1870 and where he could experiment in peace. Built in 1880 the city of Paris a physiological (or photographic ) Laboratory at the Parc des Princes, who became the Collège de France and Marey available. In 1884 he was president of the Société de Navigation Aérienne. 1887 Marey took over the presidency of the State Commission for the reform of physical education in public schools. 1894 Marey was president of the Société Française de Photographie.

From May to October 1900 Summer Olympic Games were held in Paris at the World Exhibition. To be able to use the opportunity to watch the best athletes in the world there and study, was a " Commission de physiology et d' hygiène " used, was involved in the Marey in a leading position. In a comprehensive research program in addition to the chronophotography also a number of other developed by Marey measuring and recording equipment were used.

1895 Marey was appointed President of the Académie des Sciences, 1900 Knight of the Legion of Honour.

Marey 's last years were marked by an effort to establish an institute for the study of technical methods and instruments. In 1902 was inaugurated under his direction in the vicinity of the physiological laboratory and baptized Institute Marey.

25 books and more than 280 scientific papers published during his lifetime. However, the contents were repeated frequently. Marey wrote for scientists, physicians and the general public. Etienne -Jules Marey himself had once given the job title Ingénieur de la vie.

Performance

Marey was a pioneer of circulatory physiology, blood pressure measurement, the graphic recording technology, scientific photography, aviation and cinematography. He was instrumental in clarifying the basic principles of indirect blood pressure measurement and the film. By 1870, Marey was main interest issues physiology of the circulation and the development of reliable examination techniques. Later he expanded his medical and scientific research in the direction of technical inventions for studying biological phenomena of movement than those in animals and humans.

As a physiologist Marey

From 1860 Marey worked closely with Jean Baptiste Auguste Chauveau ( 1827-1917 ), who later became Professor of Physiology in Lyon, together. To solve the hitherto controversial issue of the time relations of systolic, diastolic and arterial pulse they led invasive intracardiac pressure measurements in the horse by: Chauveau had animal experimental experience and Marey presented his technical skill and his new graphic recording method for this project available. Catheter- technical ( balloon sonde ), polygraphically - synchronous curve case of right or left ventricular and atrial pressures and cardiac apex beat the first time enabled the correct assignment of the heart sounds to intracardiac pressure changes, the description of " Intersystole " isovolumic phase of left ventricular contraction, the cardiac refractory period, synchronous ventricular contractions and the chronology of the heart valves movements ( 1861-1863 ).

1876 ​​used the Marey four years earlier developed by Gabriel Lippmann capillary electrometer to record the electrical activity of the heart. This was an important milestone in the history of electrocardiography.

During this time he also worked to bring the perfection of sphygmograph, he made the standard instrument of scientific records of the era. In addition, he constructed an artificial heart, where he could check the pressure curves found in life on their reliability. 1878 or 1881 published summaries of all circulatory physiological work in book form.

Marey as the inventor

By 1880 Marey extends the graphical method by the use of photographic techniques. He developed the single-frame photography for the reconstruction of movements ( chronophotography ) - even three-dimensional reconstructions were possible. He used rotating photographic plates in a gun -like camera ( 1882), photosensitive paper or celluloid strip (1888 ), and finally projection equipment ( 1893) and a 35 mm camera (1899 ).

His issues related to the movement of animals ( insects, bird flight, horses, cats, etc.) and human body movements. The chronophotography Marey considered as the perfect application of the " graphical method ". The film itself, however, appeared Marey scientifically uninteresting, since the cinematic playback, only the realistically show what could be seen directly with eyes. The purpose of a scientific method exists, however, is to compensate for the inadequacy of the senses and to correct their mistakes. Marey did not participate in the soon emerging dispute over the priority of the invention of cinematography and to disputes about patent applications. In 1894 he published his major work on this subject with the simple title Le mouvement.

Other work Marey treated the electrical discharge of the electric eel, the cholera epidemic of 1885 and the requirements of Aviation ( 1873).

Marey Sphygmograph

From 1859 Marey began with the development of its graphical pulse - registration system that would overcome the drawbacks German designs ( Vierordt, Ludwig) whose inertia, unwieldiness and inaccuracy. To achieve his goal, he invented an elastic metal spring system that could accommodate the arterial pulsation slightly forward and adequately to a recording lever. The construction was small, light, compact and able to follow the rapid pulse movements. Provided with a suitable holding device and write these Sphygmograph was portable and easy to use on an outpatient basis.

A further improvement of this direct Sphygmographie meant the development of a transmission sphygmograph. Marey constructed a capsule or " drum ", which consisted of two flat -lined with a taut rubber membrane shells. A pipe connection linking these closed airspace over a hose with another or more of such capsules. On the rubber membrane of the take-up drum ( tambour explorateur ) a pad was stuck that pushed the radial artery on the recording drum ( tambour inscripteur ) a rod was attached, which recorded the pulsations. In this way, several movements were recorded simultaneously. Isochronien and time allocations of curves were possible. This construction ( polygraph ) was a necessary condition for the clarification of the intracardiac pressure conditions by Chauveau and Marey, base any further research into the physiology of cardiac motion. An accurate blood pressure measurement was not with Marey Sphygmograph alone is possible.

Marey's influence

In many contemporary artists Marey's motion studies exercised almost a magical fascination. The chronophotography influenced especially the works of the Italian Futurists ( Bragaglia, Balla, Boccioni, Russolo ) and the abstract painting ( Balla, Kupka, Duchamp ).

The publication La machine animale of 1873 inspired Governor Leland Stanford to his job to Eadweard Muybridge ( di Edward Muggeridge ) of 1878, with chronograph special cameras studies of animal movements (such as horses gallop ) to customize.

Marey himself was inspired by Muybridge's publication Animal locomotion (1877 ) to improve the astronomical revolver by Jules Janssen ( 1874) to stimulate and develop his chrono photographic shotgun (also known as " photographic gun ") could be recorded series photographically with the moving in space objects.

Marey tried with his work, " to inform us about all the movements in every particular case, which our eye can not follow because they are either too fast or too slow or too complicated " ( Marey 1893).

Works

• Recherches sur la circulation du sang à l' état ​​physiologique et dans les maladies. Paris 1859
• Recherches sur le moyen d'un nouvel pouls au appareil enregistreur: le sphygmographe. Soc Biol Paris ( C. R. ) I ( 1859) 289, II ( 1860) 635
• Études sur les physiologiques caractères graphiques of battements du cœur. 1863
• You mouvement dans le fonctions de la vie. 1868 digitized
• La machine animale, locomotion terrestre et aérienne. Paris 1873
• La mesure de la pression de l' homme dans les Artères. Mém. VIII In: Travaux du Laboratoire de M. Marey 2 (1876) 307
• Moyen de la valeur mesurer manomètrique de la pression du sang chez l' homme. Acad Sci Paris ( C. R. ) 87 (1878 ) 771
• La méthode graphique dans les sciences EXPERIMENTALES - La circulation du sang à l' état ​​physiologique et dans les maladies. Paris 1878 digitized
• La circulation du sang à l' état ​​physiologique et dans les maladies. Paris 1881 digitized
• Le fusil photographique. La Nature 22 avril (1882 ) 326
• Les eaux et le contaminées cholera. Paris 1884
• Le mouvement. Paris 1894 (London 1895)