Etlingera

Etlingera elatior

Etlingera is a plant genus in the subfamily Alpinioideae from the ginger family ( Zingiberaceae ), which belongs to the monocot plants. Many species are used as food, spice and medicinal plants or as ornamental plants by humans.

5.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Etlingera species are large, perennial herbaceous plants that reach heights of growth of up to 8 meters. They are creeping, thick rhizomes as outlasting. There are usually formed robust " pseudo tribes " of mostly many leaves. The leaf sheath is long. The leaf shed ( ligules ) are simple or bilobed. The large leaves are divided into petioles and leaf blades lanceolate.

Generative features

Direct from the rhizome developed a short to very long inflorescence stem. Over many, often showy bracts are in a terminal, aged men or capitate inflorescence on a flat inflorescence ground in three to four concentric circles on each sheet bearing a long röhriges cover sheet, each with a flower.

The hermaphrodite, zygomorphic flowers are triple with double perianth. The flower colors range from yellow to red. The three membranous sepals are fused Roehrig. The three petals are fused with Roehrig Corolla lobe, which are much shorter than the corolla tube. The crown is at least as long as the calyx. Only the median stamen of the inner circle is fertile; it has a short, very broad stamen and is generally shorter than the labellum. The diffracted forward dust bag has no appendages. All other stamens are transformed into staminodes and at least one or three missing. The two lateral staminodes of the outer circle and the median Staminodium the outer circle are missing. The two lateral staminodes of the inner circle are fused to a so-called labellum; it is the most conspicuous part of the flower Represents the tongue-shaped labellum has three lobes, which are much longer than the Corolla lobe. The average Labellumlappen colored striking and the two lateral folded at its base to the fertile stamen. The base of the labellum is grown Roehrig with the stamens. Three carpels are fused to a dreikammerigen ovary with many ovules in each ovary chamber.

The fruits are together ( Synkarp ) in a spherical or oblong fruit collection. The spherical to ovoid, fleshy fruit capsules have a smooth surface with longitudinal grooves or rows of blunt warts and contain many seeds in each of the three fruit boxes. The seeds have an aril.

The chromosome numbers are 2n = 48

Occurrence

The main distribution area is Indonesia. Species come from the Himalayas to India, China and Thailand to Indonesia, Malaysia and northern Australia (Queensland ) before. On Borneo, there are 42 species.

System

The genus belongs to the tribe Etlingera Alpinieae in the subfamily Alpinioideae within the family of Zingiberaceae.

The genus Etlingera was first published in 1792 by Paul Dietrich Giseke in Praelectiones in ordines naturales plantarum ad, 202, 209. Type species is Etlingera littoralis ( J.König ) Giseke. Synonyms for Etlingera Roxb. are: Achasma handle, Geanthus Raw, Nicolaia Horan, Phaeomeria Lindl.. .. ex K. Schum .. The generic name honors the botanist Etlingera the second half of the 18th century, Andreas Ernst Etlinger.

The genus contains about 80 to 100 Etlingera ways:

Etlingera angustifolia ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera apus Annex C.K.Lim
Etlingera araneosa ( Baker) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera australasica ( R.M.Sm. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera baramensis S.Sakai & Nagam.
Etlingera belalongensis A.D.Poulsen
Etlingera brachychila ( Ridl. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera brevilabrum ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera bromeliopsis ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera calycina ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera caudiculata ( Ridl. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera cevuga ( Seem. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera coccinea ( flower) S.Sakai & Nagam.
Etlingera corneri Mood & Ibrahim
Etlingera corrugata A.D.Poulsen & Mood
Etlingera crispata C.K.Lim
Etlingera Dalican ( Elmer) A.D.Poulsen
Etlingera dekockii ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera densiuscula ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera diepenhorstii ( Teijsm. & Binn. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera fimbriobracteata ( K.Schum. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera foetens ( flower) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera fulgens ( Ridl. ) C.K.Lim
Etlingera goliathensis ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera gracilis ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera grandiflora ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera grandiligulata ( K.Schum. ) R.M.Sm.

Etlingera harmandii ( Gagnep. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera heliconiifolia ( K.Schum. ) A.D.Poulsen
Etlingera hemisphaerica ( flower) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera heyneana ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera inundata S.Sakai & Nagam.
Etlingera kenya long A.D.Poulsen & H.Chr.
Etlingera labellosa ( K.Schum. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera latifolia ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera linguiformis ( Roxb. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera littoralis ( J.König ) Giseke
Etlingera loerzingii ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera longifolia ( K.Schum. ) A.D.Poulsen
Etlingera longipetala ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera longipetiolata ( BLBurtt & RMSm. ) RMSm.
Etlingera loroglossa ( Gagnep. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera maingayi ( Baker) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera metriocheilos ( Griff. ) R.M.Sm. ( Syn: Etlingera sphaerocephala ( Baker) C.K.Lim )
Etlingera minor ( Ridl. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera moluccana ( K.Schum. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera muluensis R.M.Sm.
Etlingera nasuta ( K.Schum. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera newmanii S.Sakai & Nagam.
Etlingera pandanicarpa ( Elmer) A.D.Poulsen
Etlingera parva ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera pauciflora ( Ridl. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera pavieana (Pierre ex Gagnep. ) R.M.Sm.

Etlingera peekelii ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera philippinensis ( Ridl. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera polyantha ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera polycarpa ( K.Schum. ) A.D.Poulsen
Etlingera pubescens ( B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera punicea ( Roxb. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera purpurea ( Elmer) A.D.Poulsen
Etlingera pyramidosphaera ( K.Schum. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera rosea B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm.
Etlingera rubromarginata A.D.Poulsen & Mood
Etlingera rubrostriata ( Holttum ) C.K.Lim
Etlingera sanguinea ( Ridl. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera sericea ( Ridl. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera sessilanthera R.M.Sm.
Etlingera solaris ( flower) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera sorsogonensis ( Elmer) A.D.Poulsen
Etlingera subterranea ( Holttum ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera subulicalyx ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera sulfurea ( R.Parker ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera triorgyalis ( Baker) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera valida ( K.Schum. ) A.D.Poulsen
Etlingera velutina ( Ridl. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera venusta ( Ridl. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera versteegii ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera vestita ( Valeton ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera walang ( flower) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera xanthoparyphe ( K.Schum. ) R.M.Sm.
Etlingera yunnanensis ( T.L.Wu & S.J.Chen ) R.M.Sm.

Use

There are types of which foods and spices are obtained. Some species provide raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry. Many Etlingera species are used in traditional Chinese medicine. Many species and their varieties are used as ornamental plants for tropical parks, gardens and as cut flowers.

Swell

Delin Wu & Kai Larsen: Zingiberaceae in Flora of China, Volume 24, p 356: Etlingera - Online. ( Description section )
Axel Dalberg Poulsen: Etlingera of Borneo, Natural History Publications ( Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2006, 263 pages. ( Section systematics and distribution )
BL Burtt & RM Smith: Etlingera: The inclusive name for Achasma, Geanthus and Nicolaia ( Zingiberaceae ), In: Notes Roy. Bot Gard. Edinburgh, 43, 1986, pp. 235-241.
Pedersen LB: Phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Alpinioideae ( Zingiberaceae ), particularly Etlingera Giseke, based on nuclear and plastid DNA, In: . Pl Syst. Evol. , 245, 2004, pp. 239-258.
The genus Etlingera at the National Museum of Natural History ( NMNH ) of the Smithsonian Institution. (Section Description and distribution. )

Zingiberales Labellum (botany) Ovary (botany) Agricultural Research Service

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