Etmopteridae

Little Black dogfish ( Etmopterus spinax ), caught in Sardinia.

The lantern shark ( Etmopteridae ) are a family of small sharks of the order Dornhaiartigen ( Squaliformes ). They are found in parts of the Atlantic, the Pacific and the Indian Ocean at depths 50-4500 meters and live mostly on continental slopes, rare on the continental shelf or in the open ocean. They prefer tropical to warm temperate regions, only in the North Atlantic, they occur to Iceland. With 43 ​​species described to 44 the lantern sharks are the most species-rich family of Dornhaiartigen. About their lifestyle is still very little known. Relatively well known, only the little black dogfish ( Etmopterus spinax ), which occurs along the Atlantic coasts of Europe and in the Mediterranean and is quite common in the deep areas of the northern North Sea.

Features

Most species do not even reach a length of 90 centimeters, the largest is Centroscyllium of Fabricius, which is a maximum of 1.07 meters long. With the dwarf lanternshark ( Etmopterus perryi ) and the Cylindrical lanternshark (E. carteri ) that reach only 16 to 20 centimeters body length and a weight of about 150 grams, are the smallest known shark species to the lantern sharks. Lantern sharks have two dorsal fins, each of which is preceded by a distinct furrow provided with a sting. An anal fin is missing. The tail fins stem is without lateral keels and without dorsal and / or ventral indentations. The caudal fin has a notch below. Most species possess light organs. In addition to the lantern sharks light organs are known in sharks only in some types of Dalatiidae. The light organs of the lantern sharks are on the darker side of the abdomen and usually produce a greenish glow that camouflages the fish from below against the bright sea. Also, some species have a clearly visible light organs on the sides and on the tail. They probably serve the species recognition and cohesion in the swarm. The skin of the lantern sharks is more or less densely covered with nodular or conically shaped placoid scales. Like the other species of the order Dornhaiartigen are the lantern sharks are viviparous ( ovoviviparous ).

Inside systematics

There are five genera and 44-45 species. The genera are distinguished mainly by their dentition.

  • Aculeola ( de Buen, 1959) Aculeola nigra ( de Buen, 1959)
  • Centroscyllium excelsum ( Shirai & Nakaya, 1990)
  • Centroscyllium Fabricius ( Reinhardt, 1825)
  • Centroscyllium granulatum ( Günther, 1887)
  • Centroscyllium kamoharai ( Abe, 1966)
  • Centroscyllium nigrum ( Garman, 1899)
  • Centroscyllium ornatum ( Alcock, 1889)
  • Centroscyllium ritteri ( Jordan & Fowler, 1903)
  • Etmopterus baxteri ( Garrick, 1957)
  • Etmopterus bigelowi ( Shirai & Tachikawa, 1993)
  • Etmopterus brachyurus (Smith & Radcliffe in Smith, 1912)
  • Etmopterus burgessi ( Schaaf -Da Silva & Ebert, 2006)
  • Cylindrical lanternshark ( Etmopterus carteri ) ( Springer & Burgess, 1985)
  • Etmopterus caudistigmus (Last, Burgess & Seret, 2002)
  • Etmopterus compagnoi ( Fricke & Koch, 1990)
  • Etmopterus decacuspidatus (Chan, 1966)
  • Etmopterus dianthus (Last, Burgess & Seret, 2002)
  • Etmopterus dislineatus (Last, Burgess & Seret, 2002)
  • Etmopterus evansi (Last, Burgess & Seret, 2002)
  • Etmopterus fusus (Last, Burgess & Seret, 2002)
  • Etmopterus gracilispinis ( Krefft, 1968)
  • Etmopterus granulosus ( Günther, 1880)
  • Etmopterus hillianus ( Poey, 1861)
  • Etmopterus joungi Knuckey, Ebert & Burgess, 2011
  • Etmopterus litvinovi ( Parin & Kotlyar in Kotlyar, 1990)
  • Etmopterus lucifer ( Jordan & Snyder, 1902)
  • Etmopterus Mølleri ( Whitley, 1939)
  • Dwarf lanternshark ( Etmopterus perryi ) ( Springer & Burgess, 1985)
  • Big Black dogfish ( Etmopterus princeps) ( Collett, 1904)
  • Etmopterus pseudosqualiolus (Last, Burgess & Seret, 2002)
  • Etmopterus pycnolepis ( Kotlyar, 1990)
  • Etmopterus robinsi ( Schofield & Burgess, 1997)
  • Etmopterus schmidti ( Dolganov, 1986), status uncertain
  • Etmopterus sculptus Ebert, Compagno & Marlee J. De Vries, 2011
  • Etmopterus sentosus ( Bass, D' Aubrey & Kistnasamy, 1976)
  • Little Black dogfish ( Etmopterus spinax ) (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Etmopterus splendidus ( Yano, 1988)
  • Etmopterus tasmaniensis ( Myagkov & Pavlov in Gubanov, Kondyurin & Myagkov, 1986)
  • Etmopterus unicolor ( Engelhardt, 1912)
  • Etmopterus villosus ( Gilbert, 1905)
  • Miroscyllium sheikoi ( Bonnaterre, 1788)
  • Viper dogfish ( Trigonognathus kabeyai ) ( Mochizuki & Ohe, 1990)

The following cladogram shows the relationship of the genera and species of Etmopterus represents one another and shows the Etmopterus is paraphyletic with respect to Miroscyllium.

Centroscyllium

Aculeola

Trigonognathus

Clade II (E. baxteri, E. granulosus, E. dianthus, E. princeps E. spinax, E. unicolor)

Clade III (E. gracilispinis, E. polli E. schultzi, E. virens)

Miroscyllium

Clade V (E. brachyurus, E. Mølleri )

Clade VI (E. dislineatus, E. lucifer )

Clade VII (E. bigelowi, E. fuscus, E. pseudosqualiolus, E. pusillus, E. sentosus )

Phylogeny

The stratigraphic range of the lantern sharks is sparse. There are only known fossil teeth and complete fossils are entirely absent. The oldest unambiguously the lantern sharks teeth attributable to originate from the lutetium, one stage of the Eocene, from 48.6 to 40.4 million years ago. They are very similar to the teeth of extant species. More shark teeth that were assigned to the lantern sharks are known from the Cretaceous. They were described as Eoetmopterus, Proeoetmopterus and Microetmopterus, but have only a slight resemblance to the teeth of today's species to disappear and the Cretaceous - Tertiary boundary.

Henry Weed Fowler Photophore Genus New Zealand lanternshark Blurred lanternshark Short-tail lanternshark Lined lanternshark Pink lanternshark Blackmouth lanternshark Pygmy lanternshark Joseph S. Nelson Digital Object Identifier FishBase
318193
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