Euphorbiaceae

Sharp spurge ( Euphorbia esula )

The spurge family ( Euphorbiaceae ) form a family of plants in the order of Malpighienartigen ( Malpighiales ). The approximately 240 genera with about 6000 species have spread from the temperate to the tropical areas around the world.

  • 4.1 subfamily Acalyphoideae
  • 4.2 subfamily Crotonoideae
  • 4.3 subfamily Euphorbioideae
  • 5.1 Notes and references

Description of the plant

Habitus and sheets

Wolf milk plants are extremely diverse:

  • Herbaceous plants: Annual plants
  • Two Perennial Plants
  • Perennial plants.
  • Subshrubs
  • Shrubs and
  • Trees.

The plant parts can be bald or hairy. Sometimes contain white or colored milky juice. The Stems and branches are soft and herbaceous or woody or sometimes succulent. They are unarmed or sometimes thorny. The leaves are usually alternate, sometimes opposite, rarely whorled, usually petiolate, sometimes shield-shaped, simple or compound, entire, lobed or toothed. Stipules are often striking, sometimes thorny, glandular or completely reduced.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are always getrenntgeschlechtig. The species can be monoecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( monoecious ) or dioecious ( dioecious ). The inflorescences may be terminal or axillary, zymös, paniculate, racemose spike- shaped or with extremely reduced flowers in involukralen sham flowers ( cyathia ).

The small, unisexual flowers are usually radial symmetry. The calyx ( calyx ) consists of three to six sepals ( septal ) or lobes, sometimes absent. The corolla consists of three to six petals ( petals ), sometimes absent. Nectar glands discs are often present. Stamens there is ever one to three male flowers (100 to 1000). The anthers usually tear along to, Pistillodium often present. Staminodes are only sometimes available. The seated or stalked ovary is upper constant, it can rarely one-to three - and - kammerig to 20, with an ovule per ovary chamber be. There are usually three pen available.

Fruit and seeds

There are usually aufreißende, three-lobed capsule fruits, occasionally drupe -like fruits with fleshy exocarp formed and woody endocarp. The seeds are available with or without a caruncle.

Ingredients

The existing in some species milky sap ( latex) is often toxic and is used as a wound closure and corrosion protection. Among the ingredients the skin irritation di-and triterpene esters are worth mentioning.

The seeds of the milk and juice contain toxic Euphorbon. These have a strong local irritant effect on skin and mucous membranes with tissue destruction. Eye injuries are particularly dangerous.

Important genera with some selected species

  • Spurge ( Euphorbia ): Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima ) (old name: Poinsettia )
  • Crown of thorns (Euphorbia milii )
  • Many succulent species,
  • Many native species in Central Europe.

Common representative of the Euphorbiaceae in Central Europe belong to the genus Euphorbia, for example: the Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias ) and the solstice spurge ( Euphorbia helioscopia ); and the Bingel herb ( Mercurialis ).

System

The Euphorbiaceae family was erected in 1789 under the name " Euphorbiae " by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum, pp. 384-385. The scientific name of the type genus Euphorbia derives from Euphorbos, a personal physician of King Juba II of Mauritania ( about 50 BC to 23/24 AD).

The spurge family ( Euphorbiaceae ) family is divided into three subfamilies: Acalyphoideae, Crotonoideae and Euphorbioideae. The former subfamily Oldfieldioideae was spun off as a family Picrodendraceae. From the previous subfamily Phyllanthoideae the family Phyllanthaceae were their tribe Drypeteae was the family Putranjivaceae and their tribe Centroplaceae was part of the Pandaceae. Only Euphorbioideae is the typical white (in rare cases, yellow ) milk juice available.

The three subfamilies with their tribe, subtribe and about 240 genera:

Subfamily Acalyphoideae

  • Subfamily Acalyphoideae: Tribus Acalypheae: Subtribe Acalyphinae: Genus Acalypha L.: The about 450 species are distributed in tropical and subtropical areas.
  • Genus Adriana Gaudich. Approximately the two species occur in Australia.
  • Genus Claoxylon A.Juss. The about 114 species occur in the tropics and subtropics.
  • Genus Claoxylopsis Leandri: The only three species occur in Madagascar.
  • Genus Discoclaoxylon ( Müll.Arg. ) Pax & K.Hoffm. The four types are widespread in tropical Africa.
  • Genus Erythrococca Benth. The approximately 41 species occur in Africa and Arabia.
  • Genus Micrococca Benth. Contains about twelve species.
  • Genus Cleidion flower: It contains about 32 species.
  • Genus Sampantaea Airy Shaw: It contains only one type: Sampantaea amentiflora ( Airy Shaw) Airy Shaw: She comes from Thailand to Cambodia before.
  • Genus Dysopsis Baill. , The about three species occur in Costa Rica prior to Chile and the Juan Fernandez Islands.
  • Genus Homonoia Lour. , The three species are distributed in tropical Asia, for example in China.
  • Genus Lasiococca Hook. f: The five types come from India prior to Hainan and in Malaysia's.
  • Genus Spathiostemon flower: The only two types come from Thailand prior to Papua Rhodesia.
  • Genus Lobanilia Radcl. -Sm. The approximately seven species are found only in Madagascar.
  • Genus Macaranga Thouars: The about 300 species are widespread in the tropics and subtropics.
  • Genus Mareya Baill. Around The four types are common in Africa.
  • Genus Mareyopsis Pax & K.Hoffm. , The only two species are widespread in tropical Africa.
  • Genus Leidesia Müll.Arg. Contains only one type: Leidesia procumbens (L.) Prain: It comes from Zaire to South Africa before.
  • Genus Ricinus L.: It contains only one type: Miracle Tree ( Ricinus communis L.): This species is only known from culture, but it is thought that it comes from the north-eastern Africa.
  • Genus Avellanita PHIL: It contains only one type: Avellanita bustillosii PHIL: It occurs only in Chile.
  • Genus Adelia L.: The about ten species come from Texas prior to ind tropical America.
  • Genus Crotonogynopsis Pax: The only two species are widespread in Africa.
  • Genus Enriquebeltrania Rzed. , The only two species occur in southern Mexico.
  • Genus Lasiocroton Griseb. The five types come from the Bahamas and Cuba prior to Haiti and Jamaica.
  • Genus Leucocroton Griseb. The approximately 28 species are found only in Cuba.
  • Genus Agrostistachys Dalzell: The six species are distributed in tropical Asia.
  • Genus Chondrostylis Boerl. , The only two species are widespread in Indochina and Malaysia's.
  • Genus Cyttaranthus J.Léonard: it contains only one type: Cyttaranthus congolensis J.Léonard: It occurs in tropical Africa.
  • Subtribe Alchorneinae: Genus Alchornea Sw. (including Coelebogyne J.Sm. ): The approximately 50 are common in tropical and subtropical areas.
  • Genus Aparisthmium Endl. Contains only one type: Aparisthmium cordatum ( A.Juss. ) Baill. It comes from Costa Rica to tropical South America prior to
  • Bossera cristatocarpa Leandri: It occurs only in Madagascar.
  • Genus Conceveiba Aubl. ( Syn: Gavarretia Baill and polyandra Leal. ): The approximately 14 species are common in South America.
  • Genus AMPEREA A.Juss. The eight species are widespread in Australia.
  • Genus Monotaxis Brongn. The eight species are widespread in Australia.
  • Genus Adenophaedra ( Müll.Arg. ) Müll.Arg. The only three species occur between Costa Rica and tropical South America before.
  • Genus Amyrea Leandri: The approximately eleven species occur in Madagascar and the Comoros.
  • Genus Bernardia Mill: The approximately 73 species are widely distributed in the Neotropics.
  • Genus Discocleidion ( Müll.Arg. ) Pax & K.Hoffm. Contains only one type: Discocleidion rufescens ( Franch. ) Pax & K.Hoffm. Thrives on limestone at altitudes of 200 to 1000 meters in western Chinese provinces of Anhui, Gansu, northern Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Shanxi and eastern Sichuan.
  • Paranecepsia alchorneifolia Radcl. -Sm. It occurs in southern and eastern tropical Africa.
  • Genus Alchorneopsis Müll.Arg. , The only two species occur in the Neotropics.
  • Genus Caryodendron H.Karst. The approximately four species occur in Central America and tropical South America.
  • Genus Discoglypremna Prain: it contains only one type: Discoglypremna caloneura ( Pax ) Prain: It occurs to Uganda in tropical West Africa.
  • Genus Cheilosa flower: it contains only one type: Cheilosa montana flower: It occurs in Malaysia's.
  • Subtribe Chrozophorinae: Genus Chrozophora A.Juss. The ten to twelve species have spread from southern Europe via East Africa to South and Central Asia.
  • Genus Argythamnia P.Browne: The approximately 23 species occur between Texas and Colombia, mainly in the Caribbean.
  • Genus Caperonia A.St. - Hil. The approximately 35 species occur in the Neotropics, Africa and in Madagascar.
  • Genus Chiropetalum A.Juss. The approximately 23 species come from Mexico prior to the tropical South America.
  • Genus Ditaxis Vahl ex A.Juss. The approximately 50 species occur in the New World.
  • Genus Philyra Klotzsch: it contains only one type: Philyra braziliensis Klotzsch: It occurs in Brazil, Paraguay and northeast Argentina.
  • Genus Doryxylon inches. Contains only one type: Doryxylon spinosum inches. It occurs in the Lesser Sunda Islands and Luzon.
  • Sumbaviopsis albicans ( flower) JJSm. It comes in tropical Asia from northeastern India to southern China before.
  • Thyrsanthera suborbicularis Pierre ex Gagnep. It occurs in Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia.
  • Genus Speranskia Baill. , The only three species occur in China and Indochina.
  • Genus Dicoelia Benth. Among the only two species occurs in Borneo and the other one on Sumatra.
  • Subtribe Cephalomappinae: Genus Cephalomappa Baill. The five species occur in Malaysia's.
  • Genus Adenochlaena Boivin ex Baill. , The only two species occur in the Comoros, Madagascar and Sri Lanka before.
  • Genus Cephalocroton Hochst. The approximately four species occur in South Africa and in tropical Africa.
  • Genus Cephalocrotonopsis Pax: it contains only one type: Cephalocrotonopsis socotranus ( Balf. f ) Pax: It is endemic to Socotra.
  • Cladogynos orientalis Zipp. ex tension. It occurs in Malaysia's.
  • Genus Erismanthus Wall. ex Müll.Arg. , the only two species occur in tropical Asia and Hainan.
  • Genus Moultonianthus Merr. Contains only one type: Moultonianthus leembruggianus ( Boerl. & Coord ) Steenis: It occurs on Borneo and Sumatra.
  • Genus Omphalea L.: The approximately 22 species are widespread in the tropics.
  • Subtribe Dalechampiinae: Genus Dalechampia L.: The about 123 species are widespread in the tropics.
  • Genus Angostylis Benth. , The only two species are widespread in South America.
  • Genus Astrococcus Benth. Contains only one type: Astrococcus cornutus Benth. Before you comes from Venezuela to Brazil.
  • Romanoa tamnoides ( A.Juss. ) Radcl. -Sm. It occurs in Brazil and Paraguay.
  • Genus Acidoton Sw. The six species are widespread in the Neotropics.
  • Genus Cnesmone flower: The approximately eleven species are in front of the north-eastern India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, southern China, Vietnam, Indonesia and the Philippines in tropical Asia.
  • Genus Megistostigma Hook. f: The five species are common in Southeast Asia. In China, two species occur, one of them only there.
  • Genus Pachystylidium Pax & K.Hoffm. Contains only one type: Pachystylidium hirsutum ( flower) Pax & K.Hoffm. They occur in tropical Asia.
  • Subtribe Blumeodendrinae: Genus Blumeodendron ( Müll.Arg. ) In short, the six species are spread by Indo-China to Papua Rhodesia.
  • Genus Botryophora Hook. f: it contains only one type: Botryophora geniculata ( Miq. ) Beumée ex Airy Shaw: It is distributed from southern Myanmar to western Malaysia's.
  • Podadenia sapida Thwaites: It occurs only in Sri Lanka.
  • Genus Argomuellera Pax: The approximately twelve species occur in tropical Africa and Madagascar.
  • Genus Droceloncia J.Léonard: it contains only one type: Droceloncia rigidifolia ( Baill. ) J.Léonard: It occurs in Madagascar and the Comoro island of Mayotte.
  • Genus Sphyranthera Hook. f: The only two species occur in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Subfamily Crotonoideae

  • Subfamily Crotonoideae: it contains twelve tribes: Tribus Adenoclineae GLWebster: it contains two subtribe: Subtribe Adenoclininae: it contains five genera: Genus Adenocline Turcz. Approximately The three types are in the southern tropical Africa and southern Africa spread.
  • Genus Ditta Griseb. Among the only two types Ditta maestrensis Borhidi is endemic to the Sierra Maestra in eastern Cuba and Ditta myricoides occurs on the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.
  • Genus Glycydendron Ducke: Of the two species is the only one in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo in front and the other is more widespread in tropical South America.
  • Genus Klaineanthus Pierre ex Prain: it contains only one type: Klaineanthus gaboniae Pierre ex Prain: It is distributed by Nigeria to the west - central tropical Africa.
  • Genus Endospermum Benth. The approximately 14 species are distributed in tropical to subtropical Asia and the Southwest Pacific.
  • Genus Omphalea L. ( Duchola Adans, Hebecocca Beurl, Hecatea Thouars, Neomphalea Pax & K.Hoffm, Omphalandria P.Browne, Ronnowia Buc'hoz. .. ): 17 to 22 species are common in the tropics, twelve of them come in the Neotropics before.
  • Subtribe Aleuritinae: It contains three genera: Genus Aleurites J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. ( Syn: Camirium Gaertn. ): Comes from the only two species, the only one in Hawaii before, and the other is widespread in tropical and subtropical Asia and Oceania.
  • Genus Reutealis Airy Shaw: It contains only one type: Reutealis trisperma ( Blanco ) Airy Shaw: It occurs in the Philippines.
  • Genus Benoistia H.Perrier & Leandri: The only three species are found only in Madagascar.
  • Genus Crotonogyne Müll.Arg. The approximately 16 species are widespread in the western and west - central tropical Africa.
  • Genus Cyrtogonone Prain: it contains only one type: Cyrtogonone argentea ( Pax ) Prain: It is distributed by Nigeria to the west - central tropical Africa.
  • Manniophyton fulvum Müll.Arg. It is distributed from tropical West Africa to Angola.
  • Genus Garcia tube: of the two types is the one found only in Mexico and the other from Mexico to Venezuela.
  • Genus Cavacoa J.Léonard: The only three species occur in tropical and southern Africa.
  • Genus Gros Sera Pax: The eight species are widespread in Africa and Madagascar.
  • Genus Sandwithia Lanj. , The only two species are widespread in tropical South America.
  • Genus Tannodia Baill. (including Domohinea Leandri, Neoholstia Rauschert ): The approximately nine species occur in Africa and the Western Indian Ocean.
  • Genus Tapoides Airy Shaw: It contains only one type: Tapoides villamilii ( Merr. ) Airy Shaw: It occurs on Borneo.
  • Genus Neoboutonia Müll.Arg. Around the three species are widespread in tropical Africa.
  • Genus Acidocroton Griseb. The approximately eleven species occur on Caribbean islands and in Colombia.
  • Genus Baliospermum flower: The five species are widespread in the Himalayas, in China and tropical Asia.
  • Genus Baloghia Endl. The approximately 15 species occur in Australia and New Caledonia.
  • Genus Blachia Baill. , The eleven species occur in tropical Asia and in China.
  • Genus Codiaeum A.Juss. The approximately 15 species come from Indonesia and the Philippines to New Guinea, in tropical Australia and on Pacific islands.
  • Genus Dimorphocalyx Thwaites: The approximately 17 species come from Hainan and tropical Asia prior to Queensland.
  • Genus Dodecastigma Ducke (including Anomalocalyx Ducke ): The only three species are common in South America.
  • Genus Fontainea Heckel: The approximately nine species occur in New Guinea, Australia, Vanuatu and New Caledonia.
  • Genus Hylandia Airy Shaw: It contains only one type: Hylandia dockrillii Airy Shaw: It occurs only in Queensland.
  • Strophioblachia fimbricalyx Boerl. It occurs in China, Indochina and Malaysia's.
  • Genus Astraea Klotzsch: With about eight species found from Florida and Mexico to South America.
  • Genus Brasiliocroton PEBerry & Cordeiro: It was established in 2005 contains only one type: Brasiliocroton mamoninha PEBerry & Cordeiro: It occurs only in two isolated locations in the eastern and northeastern Brazil in lowland forests.
  • Genus Elateriospermum flower: it contains only one type:
  • Elateriospermum TAPOS flower: She comes from Thailand prior to western Malaysia's.
  • Genus Cladogelonium Leandri: it contains only one type: Cladogelonium madagacariense Leandri: It occurs in Madagascar.
  • Genus Annesijoa Pax & K.Hoffm. Contains only one type: Annesijoa novoguineensis Pax & K.Hoffm. It occurs only in New Guinea.
  • Oligoceras eberhardtii Gagnep. It occurs only in southern Vietnam.
  • Vaupesia cataractarum RESchult. It occurs in south-eastern Colombia and northwestern Brazil.
  • Genus Cnidoscolus Pohl: The approximately 94 species are widespread in the Neotropics.
  • Genus Manihot Mill: The about 107 species are widespread in the Neotropics.
  • Subtribe Heveinae: it contains only one genus: Genus Hevea Aubl. The approximately nine species are distributed in tropical South America.
  • Genus Micrandra Benth. (including Cunuria Baill. ): The approximately 12 species occur in tropical South America.
  • Genus Micrandropsis WARodrigues: it contains only one type: Micrandropsis scleroxylon ( WARodrigues ) WARodrigues: It occurs in the Amazon area.
  • Subtribe Bertyinae: it contains four genera: Genus Bertya Planch. , The approximately 28 species occur in Australia.
  • Genus Borneodendron Airy Shaw: It contains only one type: Borneodendron aenigmaticum Airy Shaw: It occurs only in Borneo.
  • Myricanthe discolor Airy Shaw: It occurs in northwestern New Caledonia.
  • Genus Alphandia Baill. With about four species are found in New Caledonia, New Guinea and Vanuatu.
  • Genus Beyeria Miq. With 24 species occur in Australia.
  • Genus Ricinocarpos Desf. The approximately 28 species occur in Australia.
  • Genus Givotia handle. The approximately four species occur in East Africa, Madagascar, India and Sri Lanka.
  • Genus Ricinodendron Müll.Arg. Contains only one type: Ricinodendron heudelotii ( Baill. ) Heckel: It is widespread in tropical Africa.
  • Schinziophyton rautanenii ( Schinz ) Radcl. -Sm. It comes from Tanzania to Namibia before.
  • Genus Trigonostemon flower: The approximately 83 species are widespread from tropical and subtropical Asia to the southwest Pacific.

Subfamily Euphorbioideae

  • Subfamily Euphorbioideae: Tribus Euphorbieae: It contains three subtribe with about five genera: Subtribe Anthosteminae: it contains only two genera: Genus Anthostema A.Juss. The approximately four species occur in Africa and Madagascar.
  • Genus Dichostemma Pierre: The only two species are widespread in tropical Africa.
  • Genus Euphorbia L. (syn.: .. .. .. .. Ademo Post & Kuntze, Adenopetalum Klotzsch & Garcke, Adenorima Raf, Agaloma Raf, Raf Aklema, Alectoroctonum Schltdl, Allobia Raf, Anisophyllum Haw, Anthacantha Lem, Aplarina Raf, Arthrothamnus Klotzsch & Garcke, Bojeria Raf., Ceraselma Wittst. , Chamaesyce Gray, Gray characias, Chylogala Fourr. , Ctenadena Prokh. , Cubanthus ( Boiss. ) Millsp. , cyathophora Raf., Cystidospermum Prokh. , Dactylanthes Haw. , Dematra Raf., Desmonema Raf., Dichrophyllum Klotzsch & Garcke, Dichylium Britton, Diplocyathium Heinr. Schmidt, Ditritra Raf., Elaeophorbia Stapf, Endadenium LCLeach, Endoisila Raf., Epurga Fourr. , esula ( Pers.) Haw. , Euforbia Ten. orth var, Eumecanthus Klotzsch & Garcke, Euphorbiastrum Klotzsch & Garcke, Euphorbiodendron Millsp. , Euphorbiopsis H.Lév. , Euphorbium Hill, Galarhoeus Haw. , Kanopikon Raf. Kobiosis Raf., Lacan This Raf., lathyris Trew, Lepadena Raf., Leptopus Klotzsch & Garcke, Lophobios Raf., Lortia Rendle, Lyciopsis ( Boiss. ) Schweinf. , Medusea Haw. , Monadenium Pax, Murtekias Raf., Nisomenes Raf., Ossifraga Rumph. , Peccana Raf., Pedilanthus Neck. ex Poit. , Petalandra F.Muell. ex Boiss., Pleuradena Raf., Poinsettia Graham, Pythius BDJacks. , Sclerocyathium Prokh. , Stenadenium Pax, Sterigmanthe Klotzsch & Garcke, Synadenium Boiss., Tithymalopsis Klotzsch & Garcke, Tithymalus Gaertn. , Tithymalus Hill, Torfasadis Raf., Treisia Haw. .. .. ., Tricherostigma Boiss, Trichosterigma Klotzsch & Garcke, Tumalis Raf, Raf Vallaris, Xamesike Raf, Raf Zalitea, Zygophyllidium ( Boiss. ) Small): the approximately 2,000 species are distributed in temperate to tropical regions of the world.
  • Genus Calycopeplus Planch. The five species are common in Australia.
  • Genus Neoguillauminia Croizat: it contains only one type: Neoguillauminia cleopatra ( Baill. ) Croizat: It occurs only in New Caledonia.
  • Subtribe Carumbiinae: it contains only one genus: Genus Homalanthus A.Juss. The approximately 23 species are distributed in tropical Asia and the Pacific.
  • Genus Actinostemon Mart. ex Klotzsch: The approximately 19 species occur in South America.
  • Genus Adenopeltis Bertero ex A.Juss. Contains only one type: Adenopeltis serrata ( WTAiton ) IMJohnst. It occurs only in Chile.
  • Anomostachys lastellei ( Müll.Arg. ) Kruijt: It occurs in Madagascar.
  • Conosapium madagascariense Müll.Arg. It occurs only in northwestern Madagascar.
  • Ditrysinia fruticosa ( W.Bartram ) Govaerts & Frodin: It occurs in the southern United States.
  • Falconeria insignis Royle: It occurs in South and Southeast Asia.
  • Manchinelbaum ( Hippomane mancinella L.)
  • Neoshirakia japonica ( Siebold & Zucc. ) Esser: It occurs in China, Korea and Japan.
  • Pseudosenefeldera inclinata ( Müll.Arg. ) Eater: She comes from Panama ago to the tropical South America.
  • Spagazziniophytum patagonicum ( Speg. ) Esser: It occurs in southern Argentina.
  • Genus Algernonia Baill. ( Syn: . Tetraplandra Baill, Dendrobryon Klotzsch ex Pax ): The approximately twelve species are distributed from Peru to Brazil.
  • Genus Hura L.: The only two species are widespread in the Neotropics. They are drying spreader, the fruits explode with a loud bang, Einzelkarpelle be hurled up to 40 meters
  • Genus Ophthalmoblapton Allemão: The four types are common in Brazil.
  • Genus Pachystroma Müll.Arg. Contains only one type: Pachystroma longifolium ( Nees ) IMJohnst. It comes from Brazil to Bolivia before.
  • Subtribe Hamilcoinae: it contains two genera: Genus Hamilcoa Prain: it contains only one type: Hamilcoa zenkeri ( Pax ) Prain: She comes from Nigeria to Cameroon before.
  • Genus Pimelodendron Hassk. The approximately four species occur in tropical Asia and northern Australia.
  • Genus Plagiostyles Pierre: It contains only one type: Plagiostyles africana ( Müll.Arg. ) Prain: It is distributed by Nigeria to the west - central tropical Africa.
  • In 2005, a subfamily Cheilosoideae ( Müll.Arg. ) K.Wurdack & Petra Hoffm. proposed. It contains two genera with about seven species: Genus Cheilosa flower: it contains only one type: Cheilosa montana flower: It occurs in Malaysia's.
  • Not assigned to these subfamilies and tribes are not the genera: Genus Afrotrewia Pax & K.Hoffm. Contains only one type Type: Afrotrewia kamerunica Pax & K.Hoffm. Before you come in Cameroon to Gabon.
  • Radcliffea smithii Petra Hoffm. & K.Wurdack: It occurs only in Madagascar.

Swell

  • The Euphorbiaceae family in APWebsite. (Sections systematics and description)
  • Bingtao Li, Huaxing Qiu, Jin- shuang Ma, Hua Zhu, Michael G. Gilbert, Hans -Joachim ( Hajo ) Esser, Stefan Dressler, Petra Hoffmann, Lynn J. Gillespie, Maria Vorontsova & Gordon D. McPherson: Euphorbiaceae, S. 163 - text the same online as printed work, In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 11 - Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008. ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 (sections reporting and dissemination )
  • Kenneth J. Wurdack, Petra Hoffmann & Mark W. Chase: Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Euphorbiaceae uniovulate ( Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto ) using plastid rbcL and trnL -F DNA sequences, In: American Journal of Botany, Volume 92, 2005, p 1397th doi: 10.3732/ajb.92.8.1397 ( section systematics)
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