European Islam
Euro -Islam is a term that was introduced in 1991 by Bassam Tibi in the scientific discussion and a certain secularized form of Islam describes that should emerge by the fact that living in Europe, Muslims combine obligations and principles of Islam with values of modern European culture. In the following years the concept in western countries has been much discussed. Bassam Tibi attacked the concept of 2002 to once again touting the " Euro -Islam " as the inclusive political path. Later, the term " Euro -Islam " was also used for the reformist Salafist position of Tariq Ramadan used.
Faruk Şen and Dirk Halm came in a study that dealt with the religious attitudes and religious level of organization of Muslims in Germany, to the conclusion that the development of a Euro - Islam certainly possess empirical evidence 2005.
Bassam Tibi's " Euro -Islam "
Bassam Tibi meant by Euro - Islam is a European- Islamic synthesis as part of the Europeanization of Islam and beyond bidding farewell to the Shari'a and Jihad, which hinder the integration of Muslims in Europe. Euro -Islam means to him that living in Europe Muslim " Citoyens " accept the separation of religion and state. As a contrast, he sees as a conflict scenario, a ghettoisation of Muslims with tremendous potential for violence in the 21st century. The Euro -Islam offers his opinion in the global migration crisis an alternative to the ghetto -Islam, which seeks long term of its enclave on the Islamization of Europe.
To ensure the success of the integration of Muslims in the sense of " Euro -Islam ", according to Tibi, a cooperation of European policy is needed. You must set clear guidelines for the integration process, by not acknowledging people like Tariq Ramadan and Nadeem Elyas as representatives of a European Islam, and they had to go to the French model promote the Euro -Islam and its representatives against reform and integration enemy forces among the Muslims.
Use for the position of Tariq Ramadan
John Twardella used the term " Euro -Islam " in 2006 for the position of Islamic intellectuals Tariq Ramadan, who also advocates a new European- Muslim cultural identity. In his book " being Muslim in the West" called Ramadan participation in social life and cultural projects in line with European culture and the Muslim ethics. To illustrate his view of the position of Islam in Europe, he coined the neologism Dar ash- shahada ( area of the Creed ), which under the condition of religious freedom the traditional contrast between the Islamic world and the non-Muslim Dar al - Harb ( territory of the war ) aims to break. This should eliminate the need for a jihad. However, Ramadan rejects unlike Bassam Tibi Sharia not on principle, but occurs only once and for a moratorium on exaggerated harsh penalties. Ramadan's ideas are controversial among non-Muslims. While some praise his attempt to integrate Islam without loss of identity in the modern European society, others criticize it as ultimately " fundamentalist " or " anti-Semitic". In contrast, Ramadan itself states that he has made through his criticism of the punishments of Sharia in literal Muslims enemies to a ban on entry to Saudi Arabia.
Ramadan himself rejected the term " Euro -Islam " but now and not used it for his own position. Also Tibi warned against using the term " Euro -Islam for the ideas Tariq Ramadan, as they also ran through there ʿ wa and retention of sharia on an Islamization. Differences between itself and Ramadan, he worked in 2010 in a post to that of Zeyno Baran edited essay collection the Other Muslims: Moderate and Secular out also the American writer Paul Berman saw clear differences between the positions Tibi and Ramadan. .
Coinage already by C. H. Becker?
The Middle East historian Wolfgang G. Schwanitz thinks that the term " Euro -Islam " was already coined in 1909 by the Islamic scholar Carl Heinrich Becker. Becker discussed in his essay "From African Islam" the question, " Is Islam a threat to our colonies? " He said: " Since Africa, is if not fool all of the signs, lost to Islam, it seems to me the Europeanization of Islam to be the way in which the development will take place in the interior of Africa long centuries ... so .. not consider Islam. pose a threat to European civilization. difficulties however, he is still ready for a long time, but these are questions of practical politics. yet in essence, Islam is an enemy of Christianity, but not of civilization. " However, there is so far no evidence has been about the fact that Becker also used the term " Euro -Islam " itself.