Evacuation process simulation

Evacuation simulation refers to the calculation of the sequence of evacuation, based on a mathematical model. Usually this is carried out with the aid of a computer.

The distinction between the evacuation of buildings, ships and vehicles on one side and settlements or areas on the other hand, plays an essential role for the simulation of evacuation processes.

The second phase in the evacuation of areas ( transport of people and their vehicles ) can be simulated, eg by means of queuing models (see below). Since these are large-scale simulations, no microscopic models are used for it so far.

Classification of models

Simulations are used to simulate reality with the help of mathematical models and the calculation ( ia with computers ) of predictions based on these models. Models in turn are the Spezifierung a particular theory. They can be classified using the following categories ( Gershenfeld, 1999):

Simulations are initially not constitute optimization tools in order to make an optimization that have a result function that is minimized, and one or more varying variables to be defined.

Typical macroscopic models are the so-called queuing models. Here, the geometry is displayed on a graph, and the flows of people are seen as flows in this graph. In microscopic models, the detailed recording of the characteristic geometry ia also contemplates the representation of individuals by themselves. If they are and interact autonomously they are called agents and the models multi-agent systems. Stochastic parameter (usually the agent ) are used to detect unspecified or quantifiable factors (such as the difficulty of orientation). These phenomenological parameters can be derived neither from other directly measurable quantities, nor is it possible to measure them directly in experiments. Therefore, they must be calibrated based on empirical studies.

Analytical results are usually not possible for the simulation of social systems. General models allow the simulation of the evacuation of buildings, aircraft and ships alike.

Simulation of the evacuation of areas ( settlements )

The evacuation of areas ( settlements, districts, cities) There is a smooth transition from office complexes, stadiums, residential blocks to entire neighborhoods. A possibility of distinguishing in the simulations relating to the transport mode: the movement on foot on the one hand and the use of transportation means ( vehicles or helicopters) on the other side. Such processes are usually simulated due to their size and heterogeneity with queuing models.

Simulation of the evacuation of buildings or vehicles

Buildings (stations, stadiums, etc.), ships, planes and trains have that move with respect to their evacuation together the persons primarily on foot. In addition, the movement comes to rescue slides or the like, or in ships to the water leave the occupied boats with the help of davits. These are collectively referred to as an evacuation system.

Simulation of the evacuation of passenger ships

Three particular aspects characterize the evacuation of ships: - the ratio of the number of passengers to the number of crew members, - the movement of the ship, - the operation and use of rescue equipment.

The motion of the ship affect the mobility of persons on board. For this purpose, there are a number of tests that can be taken into consideration through corresponding speed reduction factors in a simulation.

The same applies to the role of the crew in case of evacuation. However, this influence is difficult to quantify, so that this factor normally (faster orientation or response to the alarm ) is accounted for by the behavior of the passengers. This relationship, in turn, requires a calibration by empirical studies. If only quantitative results are available, the influence of occupation in the sense of a " worst case assumption " (worst case analysis) can be entirely neglected.

The evacuation of a vessel is composed of two separate phases: collection and Einbootungsphase. This is also reflected in the simulation. The durations for the readying and boarding of life-saving equipment (boats or rafts or islands that can be reached through chutes ) and the Take- let flow as additional parameters in the simulation with a. That is the whole process of evacuation is simulated. While represent the lifeboats no final " safe place " dar. Nevertheless considering the evacuation of a ship with the removal of the boats (or rafts or islands ) out of the danger zone as completed. The resumption of persons on other ships is considered as a separate process.

Simulation of the evacuation of aircraft

A system of international aviation authority (International Civil Aviation Organization [ ICAO ] ) requires an upper limit of 90 seconds for the evacuation time of aircraft. This must be demonstrated prior to approval of an aircraft type. This is done either using a model, or on the basis of analogies to already approved aircraft types.

Are In the simulation of the evacuation of aircraft - like ships - the duration for the provision of emergency slides and the capacity of the doors or slides to be considered (individual slip duration). However, a distinction between collection and slipping phase is not necessary because the people go immediately to the emergency exit and climb the slide immediately. The crew plays a crucial role, as it is responsible for the provision of life-saving appliances and the passengers actively supported (eg sliding on the slide).

Credentials

Hubert Klüpfel: A Cellular Automaton Model for Crowd Movement and Egress Simulation. Dissertation, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2003.
Tobias Kretz: Pedestrian Traffic - Simulation and Experiments. University of Duisburg -Essen, 2007.

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RiMEA - Directive for microscopic Entfluchtungsanalysen, Open project to develop a policy for the building sector
Literature review for the simulation of crowds and evacuation processes
Homepage of a flow of people and evacuation dynamics research network

Simulator

Queuing systems Discrete Mathematical analysis Determinism Playground slide

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