Excavator

An excavator is a construction machine for loosening and moving of soil and rock, especially for excavating and backfilling of Erdvertiefungen such as pits.

Also the movement of bulk materials and other goods and in the extraction of coal and ores in the mining excavators are used.

• 3.1 driving or walking works
• 3.2 Classification by Size

• 7.1 Important manufacturer of excavators (sorted alphabetically)
• 7.2 Non -existent manufacturer

Etymology

The term excavator comes from the Netherlands (see Baggeren ) and called there originally a sand or sludge scraper ( a busy port with the bottom - exposing activity workers)

Outline of excavating machines

Due to the wide variety of designs and applications of excavators, these are divided according to different criteria. A higher-order differentiation is possible based on the principle of action used to solve soil or rock. This is in

• Mechanical
• Hydraulic and
• Pneumatic

Dissolution process differed. Combinations such as the mechanical-hydraulic loosening apply. Solve in the literature Become excavators, soil and rock purely mechanical means of a grave vessel, by type of vessel in grave Eingefäßbagger, multivessel excavators and excavator flat. The arrangement and shape of the grave vessel largely determines the operating conditions and the performance of an excavator in certain soil conditions. The rock and soil milling loosening soil and rock in particular, is also entirely mechanical, as opposed to the vessel but excavators with several chisels. For excavators, loosen the soil purely hydraulic, count the suction dredger, with these machines, a combination of mechanical and hydraulic grommets for use comes .. excavator using a pneumatic release process are referred to as pneumatic excavator. Compared with the mechanical and hydraulic excavators solved pneumatic excavators are rather rare.

Eingefäßbagger

Eingefäßbagger distinguished by the fact that they are equipped for digging and loading with a single grave vessel. As an interplay of digging and loading takes place, it is called at the Eingefäßbaggern by a discontinuous or intermittent dredging process. The difference with the flat excavator is that the feed is not generated for the removal of soil by the process of the entire excavator, but the grave vessel of the machine is moved. This is also called a stand excavator. A further breakdown of Eingefäßbagger performed based on the purpose of use in single-purpose and multi-purpose machines. Single-purpose machines are designed for a specific extraction task, sometimes even for a specific use. They are mainly used in surface or in large construction projects such as the sewer construction, are used. Multi-purpose machines, also known as Universal excavators can be operated with different Arbeitsaustattungen, making them particularly suitable for universal use in the construction industry. Even in smaller mining operations, such as quarries or gravel pits, universal excavators are used. Compared to the single-purpose transport at a reasonable cost is possible. A further breakdown is due to the historical development of Eingefäßbagger for both single as well as multi -purpose machines based on the principle of power transmission used dragline excavators and excavators. In draglines the drive energy is transferred to the grave tool by means of winches and steel cables. Hydraulic excavators, however, have a hydraulic unit. The grave tools are moved by hydraulic cylinders.

The constructive design of Eingefässbaggern depends largely on the grave tools that are selected based on the soil texture. Due to the different function of the traction and hydraulic excavators are not all grave tools for both machine types. Apart from the actual grave tools and more attachments are designed for universal excavators, which are not used for loosening and movement of dredged material. The following table gives an overview of the main grave and loading tools from Eingefäßbaggern and their uses. Since there are significant differences between the structural design of land-based and floating Eingefäßbaggern, they are described separately. Often floating excavator machines are also known as dredging, called land-based excavator excavator as dry. Strictly speaking, however, include all those excavators to the dredging that promote dredged material that is below the water surface. Example of this is a rope excavator with dragline, which promotes the shore of gravel.

Other attachments that are used with universal excavators, for example, ramming, wrecking balls, rock chisel as well as drilling and completion equipment. See also attachments.

Multivessel excavator

Multivessel excavators have several grave vessels, which are endlessly interconnected and driven to rotate. This takes place a continuous trench and unloading, which is why one speaks in multivessel excavators by continuous or continuous excavators. The feed is carried out in multi- vessel excavators either by an adjustment of the excavating tool, or by a process of the whole machine. On the basis of the type of power transmission to the grave vessels, the multivessel excavators are divided into bucket chain excavators and bucket wheel excavator. In both types of machines, the dredged material is added to the grave vessels and delivered to another location. In general, the discharge takes place on a conveyor belt.

Eimerkettenbagger

When the bucket chain excavators bucket -shaped grave vessels are attached to an endless chain of buckets chain. The chain is driven by a drive sprocket wheel by a motor and gear unit and is deflected to one or more points. The dredged material is released from the circulating buckets and transported these to the delivery point.

Bucket chain excavators can be divided into land-based and floating basis of their installation location. A further breakdown is often based on the size and application. Floating Eimerkettenbagger also can be divided in river dredging and maritime dredges. While river excavator operating in inland waters for sand and gravel extraction and to deepen and instant attitude of waterways and do not have their own drives, maritime dredges are seagoing vessels, often with its own drive. While flow excavators were used in many places, especially in the first half of the 20th century, maritime dredges are more rare than Eimerkettenbagger. They are used for land reclamation as well as in marine mining.

Bucket wheel excavator

The bucket wheel excavators the grave vessels are firmly attached to a wheel that is driven by a gear. Classification bucket wheel excavator: with feed without feed

Flat excavator

Flat excavator differ with respect to the vessel excavators by the type of soil loss in the form of thin layers. These are achieved by the excavator tool and moved or taken up by means of a bucket. The grave movement takes place by moving the entire excavator machine. Flat excavators are mainly used for horizontal earthworks such as the leveling of surfaces or terrain, whereas the single and multi- vessel excavators find their main application in vertical excavation. Flat excavators are divided into:

Rock and Tillers

Suction dredger

Saugbagger use to solve the excavator material hydraulic methods. The main application of this excavator is the dredging, ie the extraction of sand, gravel or silt from the bottom of a body of water or the seabed. A suction dredge consists essentially of a centrifugal pump and a reaching to the bottom of the suction pipe. When excavating is sucked directly above the water, where the dredged material is released to the suction head around by the vacuum and transported with in the suction line. The mixture of water and dredged material is conveyed on board the dredger either directly to the pump through a floating pipeline to the destination or separated from one another, whereby the water is returned to the waters. Since a suction of convoluted soils with high pressure is possible, even mechanical release process are also used in some Saugbaggertypen addition. The Schneidkopfsaugbaggern the dredged material is for example achieved by rotating chisel on the suction head and then sucked.

(Cutter Backhoe)

Design features of excavators

Driving or walking works

In land-based excavators following driving or walking works are used:

• Crawler excavators ( crawler ) with an operating weight of up to 1,000 tonnes, riding on caterpillars. In surface mining shovels have been moved up to 6500 tonnes to 4 double chain drives.
• Wheel Excavator, also referred to as excavator, with an operating weight of about 8 t to 100 t, which always go on wheels. Most mobile excavators have a four-wheel drive.
• Rough terrain walking excavator can use the excavator arm and the pair of wheels below ( run -like hobbling ), about 10 t. In the largest open pit dragline exceed two to four " shoes ", until now 13,500 t. While working they sit on a circular base plate.
• Two-way excavator

Classification by size

• Mini excavator or small excavators with an operating weight of about 1 t to 6 t, which run regularly on rubber tracks. The smallest excavators have a width of less than 1 m and can therefore also be used well for specific tasks within buildings (eg with hydraulic hammer for smaller demolition work ).
• Midi excavators with an operating weight of about 7 to 10 tonnes, the A., go on wheels.
• Middle class excavators with an operating weight of about 10 tons to 60 tons. Engine power 50 kW to 300 kW. 0.5 m³ to 3.0 m³ bucket volume. The larger excavators in this class go to chains. Typical use on construction sites, for example, for the excavation (slight earthworks ) or the larger heavy earthmoving equipment to the (road, canal ).
• Large excavators with an operating weight of about 60 t to 200 t. Engine output 300 kW to 800 kW. 3.0 m³ up to 15.0 m³ bucket volume. Used eg in quarries.
• Größtbagger with an operating weight of over 200 tons up to> 10,000 t. Engine power > 800 kW. 15.0 m³ bucket to> 100 m³ volume. Use eg ore

General descriptions

A stand excavator is characterized usually by a 360 ° rotating structure with a boom from at the end of an attachment can be mounted. There are two split deliveries that are called variable boom and gooseneck boom. The boom and attachments are moved by hydraulics. Therefore it is also called hydraulic excavator. In addition, there are also rope excavators, bucket wheel excavators, scrapers or shovels, suction dredger, etc.

As a special variant are two way excavator able to drive on the tracks of railroads. There are also walking excavator with two wheels and two supports especially designed for rough terrain.

In contrast to the wheel loader is a stand excavator by his far raised and lowered boom able to work also significantly below its own state level, and is thus preferred for excavations and the like. employed. A combination of the two represents the Backhoe

Excavators have almost always only a driver's seat. It is only the license class L needed because their design specific speed is usually not higher than 20 km / hr.

Attachments

There are the following attachments:

• Bucket
• Shovel
• Grabenräumlöffel
• Schwenklöffel
• Degradation spoon
• Drainage spoon
• Grab
• Clamshell bucket
• Grab bucket
• Sorting grapple
• Combination or versatility spoon
• Hook
• Wrecking Ball
• Hydraulic or demolition hammer, demolition chisel ( hydraulically operated )
• Crushers and crushers ( hydraulically operated ) (see also abort)
• Ripper
• Gripper tooth or excavator thumb
• Bohrgeschirr
• Tiltrotators
• Bucket crusher
• Vibration plate
• Grating, screen or grill shovel
• Rotationssieblöffel
• Crushers
• Clearing knife

Between the above attachments and the excavator arm is usually a quick coupler installed (seen in the photo of the crawler excavator good, painted red ). Thus the attachments in a short time can change from excavator driver, without having to leave his cab.

Excavators for Special Operations

For special applications such as dikes or generally creating slope profiles excavators are used with a particularly long or telescopic arms which allow extended reach through a better and more accurate surface machining.

A long front excavator is a special type of machine that is normally used for demolition of higher buildings.

To differentiate is the excavator of the Long -Reach excavators which have been developed for other areas of responsibility.

A long front excavator comes standard with a long front arm which basically consists of three parts. Two long boom parts are connected with a short middle piece and so flexible and universally controllable. Generally, a normal digging equipment is available that can be exchanged with the long front boom.

Longfrontbagger can cancel with a height of up to 60 m building, a novelty in this field is a telescope Longfrontbagger a Dutch demolition company with 62 m vertical.

Manufacturer

Major manufacturers of excavators (sorted alphabetically)

• Atlas ( 2001-2010 Terex- Atlas )
• Bobcat
• Boki
• Bucyrus International
• Case CE
• Caterpillar
• CSM
• Doosan Infracore (formerly Daewoo )
• ETEC (A)
• Eurocomach
• Euro Mach
• Foton Lovol International Heavy Industry Co. Ltd.. , China
• Gallmac
• Gehl Company
• Guangxi LiuGong Machinery Co., Ltd., China
• Hanix
• Harnischfeger
• Haulotte
• Hefei
• Hidromek
• Hitachi Construction Machinery
• Hunan Sunward Intelligent Machinery Co. Ltd.. , China
• Hydrema Construction GmbH
• Hyundai Heavy Industries
• JCB
• John Deere (only in the USA, Russia)
• Kaiser Fahrzeugwerk AG
• KATO
• Kiefer GmbH
• Kobelco
• Komatsu
• Kubota
• Liebherr
• Macmoter
• Mallaga
• Mecalac
• Menzi Muck
• New Holland Construction
• NOBAS
• Pawling & Harnischfeger P & H Dragline
• Querzola GmbH
• Sany Heavy Industry, China
• Shandong Lingong Construction Machinery Co., Ltd. / SDLG, China
• Shantui Construction Machinery Co., Ltd.. , China
• Sennebogen Maschinenfabrik GmbH
• Takeuchi, Japan
• Terex GmbH
• Topcatt
• Volvo Construction Equipment
• Wacker Neuson
• XCMG, China
• Yanmar, Japan
• Yuchai Engineering Machinery Company Ltd.. , China

Non -existent manufacturer

• Akerman (S ), now Volvo Construction Equipment
• Bavaria
• Benati (I ), now CNH
• Benmac (D / I)
• Benoto (F)
• Benfra (I)
• Brunieri (I)
• Bunger (D)
• Cosmoter (I)
• Demag (acquired by Terex )
• Eder
• Ertmer
• Fuchs, today Terex / Fuchs
• Furukawa (F)
• Gottwald
• Guria ( ES)
• Hatra
• Halla (KO), today Hyundai
• Hanomag
• Hymac ( GB)
• International Harvester (USA)
• Klönne (D)
• Kockum Landsverk (S )
• Laltesi (I)
• Lanz
• Marion Power Shovel, today at Bucyrus International
• Schaeff, Terex Schaeff today
• Menck & Hambrock
• Ogela
• O & K Orenstein & Koppel, New Holland Construction today
• PELJOB, now Volvo Construction Equipment
• Poclain (F ), now Case CE
• Richier (F)
• Priestman ( GB)
• Samsung Heavy Industries, now Volvo Construction Equipment
• Schaeff, today Terex / Schaeff
• Simit (I ), now CNH
• Tractem (F)
• VEB work Weimar
• Weserhütte
• Wieger
• Wilhag
• Witten excavator work
• Yumbo (F)

Records

The largest bucket wheel excavators are. The 1978 built by Krupp Industrietechnik model " 288 " is currently working in the mining Garzweiler (RWE Power) and since its start-up until now the largest excavators in the world. He has a service weight of 12,840 t, a height of 96 m and a length of 215 m.

The next order of magnitude draglines with electric cable drive and walking mechanism. The Big Muskie worked in the 1970s and 1980s in the United States. He had an operating weight of 13,500 t and a bucket capacity of 166 m³.

The largest front shovel excavator was the cable-driven Marion 6360 with chain drive, called Captain, by Marion Power Shovel in the USA. The operating weight was 12,700 t and the blade took about 138 m³. It was scrapped in 1992. The next largest front shovel excavator called Big Brutus may still be considered.

The largest hydraulic shovel excavator in the world was the Bucyrus RH 400 (formerly Orenstein & Koppel ) with 980 t operating weight and a motor power of 3360 kW ( about 4500 HP). The grave vessel in the bucket version holds 52 m³ (SAE 2:1). It is produced in Germany, in Bucyrus factory in Dortmund- Dorstfeld. This was replaced in 2013 by Caterpillar 6120B FS H with 1,270 tonnes operating weight and a capacity of 65 m³. This has the particularity of a hybrid unit.

The largest hydraulic backhoe in the world is the 2012 presented Liebherr R9800 with a service weight of about 810 tons and a bucket capacity of 42m ³.

Noise

As a reference point for the construction noise of a typical excavator were in a WHO report 90 dB at 10 m, ie about 32 Sone specified.

Security

• In Germany an annual UVV inspection is required ( according to the guidelines of the professional associations ) in excavators.

Model

There are fully functional, funkferngesteurte excavator models that can perform minor earthworks. Like the great excavator they have a hydraulic system.

Medial importance

.? Betting In the TV show, dass, there were bets that were carried out with excavators; For example, climb a tower, light a lighter or play tennis.

190 - Pf stamp of the definitive stamp series Industry and Technology of the German Federal Post Office (15 July 1982)