Expert

Expert, from Latin expertus, tested ', ( also professional / expert, Pl professionals, specialist or technical expert, specialist ) is a buzzword and denoted as such a person on above-average wealth of knowledge on a subject or several specific Sacher closures or special skills or the features of these properties are attributed.

In addition to the theoretical knowledge thereof can a competent application, so practical knowledge of action, be indicative of an expert. Prerequisite is to the third stage of development of the expert achievement.

There is no permission checks, which enable the use of title expert. In contrast to experts, an objective quality of the so- called or self-styled experts from the name not be derived. As experts, for example, often researchers, scientists or experts are referred to, but also names such as ARD -doping expert or ZDF weather expert to be used. The inflationary use of the title in trivial contexts or even the perceived sudden omnipresence of media for events that attract exceptional public interest in question (eg disasters) but causes the recipient unintentionally skepticism and doubts about the postulated competence of the ' experts '.

Legal context: professional and Knowledgeable, Qualified person

In the legal area, the terms of property or Specialized be used in patent law of ordinary skill defined (English: person having ordinary skill in the art ) the threshold for inventive step and the required disclosure for Reproducibility. The term expert is not legally protected.

Social context

The training of experts is part of the social mobilization in politics, in particular the emancipation of the individual politician to stakeholders who are close to his party, and against the political opponents who represent opposing positions.

Expertise

In the cognitive science and psychology expert knowledge or expertise referred to an extraordinary problem -solving ability or achievement ( performance) in a particular area, which dates back to extensive experience.

Key Features of experts ( by Chi, Glaser and Farr 1988):

Expert is the person usually through training or a degree from, but it can also be acquired through research or self-taught. A certificate that a person has the expertise, usually occurs by transfer of a deed, which is confirmed by a state or state-approved or generally recognized exam. Since the expertise is to get the public in books, the Internet and other sources, can have a person in self-study to acquire, but is not yet recognized as an expert or specialist (see also qualification ).

The expertise of research examines the nature and acquisition of problem- relevant, domain-specific knowledge. To this end, the problem solving behavior of experts and novices is usually compared. Novices, unlike experts, people who lack the appropriate training in the relevant content area. Investigated areas of knowledge include computer programming, physics, music, sports and medicine.

Great influence has expertise research on the development of so-called expert systems in computer science (artificial intelligence ).

A social system in which experts have the power of decision is called jokingly as " expertocracy ".

From layman to expert

Also, three levels are distinguished Schumacher and Czerwinski (1992 ):

Criticism

The expectant expert has a substantial need for preventive mental hygiene, the application requires the counselor in the process of mentoring. Before first learning success no dissemination of new knowledge is possible. The expert is not taken seriously at first in the scientific community or the Political Community and sensing its surroundings is limited. The expectant expert examined his audience in political journalism and his parliamentary committees. After first learning outcomes of the expert is no longer exclusively concerned with one's own learning process, and now takes first objective criticism to their own abstractions true and exercises for the first time self-criticism.

Intermediate Effect

Lesgold (1984 ) found in a study of X-ray doctors with different level of training a "intermediate effect": beginner assessed the radiographs more often correct than physicians with some experience .. Advanced have more detailed knowledge as a beginner, this knowledge is not yet well organized. You begin to see the rules, but not the exceptions. Parents of teenagers is the intermediate effect also well known. Even in language acquisition of children, there is a period of " over-regulation ": first, they imitate only and are thus often correct, they discover syntactic rules and can now apply false.

Effect of experts

Because of official or institutional recognition as an expert representing the same in general, the views of the Government or the University of majority, or use at least from those recognized methods and rules. Persons representing different views in the same field, are often not rely in crucial fora. Thus, conflicts within the professional world not necessarily initially publicly (see also interpretive, doctrine). Nevertheless, not every person who takes a different view, equivalent to an expert. In the "hard" sciences are now repeatable methods such as experiments and self-consistent arguments means of falsification of scientific theories. Each expert will be attacked as soon as he follows the objectives of personal vanity and leaves the path of reasonable self-expression. Each mature listeners will henceforth be a statement of the expert first reflect on reports of its own interests and only then deal with the factual content.

History

From history and present people are known, representing or represented by the majority opinion of a specialist area dissenting views. Depending on the social conditions ( freedom of expression, tolerance of dissent, equality ), these people were able to publish their views only anonymous or pseudonymous. In the West, the dogma of the Christian Church was partly new knowledge ( Heliocentric world picture ) counter; Dissenters were then regarded as heretics or witches.

  • The ideas of Galileo Galilei and Albert Einstein contradicted contemporary experts initially.
  • At the time of National Socialism, the representatives of the " Aryan Physics" for ideological reasons were considered experts in the field of physics.
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