Extraversion and introversion
Introversion and extroversion are two poles of a personality trait that is characterized by the interaction with the environment. The terms introversion designated by an inwardly, extraversion an outward facing attitude.
History
The terms were described by CG Jung in 1921 as contrasting natures of perception, thought and feeling and intuition, under which any person is more prone to one or the other attitude. Was Extraverted for young synonymous with conscious, introverted with unconsciously.
The concept of introversion - extraversion was picked up by numerous other personality researchers and developed. For Eysenck is a continuum, a single personality dimension rather than to pairs of opposites. Eysenck's theory leads differences to a different excitability of the brain back - extraverts seek more external stimuli, because they lack internal stimuli - Introverts can maintain their optimum cortical arousal level by internal stimuli
The roots of the confrontation going on here on different type gauges back (eg Theophrastus ). Raymond Bernard Cattell, Joy Paul Guilford or in German-speaking Kurt Pawlik have also used this dimension in their theories or measured by test method.
Even in newer models of differential psychology considered to introversion and extraversion as a single dimension. Using personality tests, it is possible in this case to determine the individual position of the subjects on appropriate scales. They include, among others to the Big Five, a five-factor model for the major dimensions of personality.
Correct spelling
Since it is a made in the ordinary language concept of science, introversion are ( introvert ) and extraversion ( extraverted ) the correct and only " theory- compliant " spellings. The notation " extrovert " (origin: made by introvert ), but not extraversion, is it listed additionally by Duden, because it has spread in everyday language. Introversion (more common in everyday language ) or intravertiert (very rare) remain even after Duden misspellings.
Introversion
" Introversion " (English " introversion ") is the antithesis of extraversion. Introverts characters turn their attention and energy more on their inner life. In groups, they are more likely to act as a passive observation and are often described as " quiet," " carefully " and described " deliberate ". Introversion is not necessarily equate with shyness.
A striking difference between introverted and extroverted people is that the introvert without power " for themselves", in contrast to extraverts and " sucked " feels no time after a long time. Therefore, introverted embossed People often prefer a quiet environment, such as one's own home, libraries, parks, forests, etc. Often introverts use their weekends and their free time to relax by, depending on the way as much time as possible spend alone or with close friends and acquaintances. They enjoy, contrary to popular belief of outsiders, this time because they can effectively recover only in this way and think.
Mistakenly cancellations of parties, refusals of appointments or a lack of contact be perceived by friends and acquaintances introverted people in many cases as if no interest or indifference to the friendship or acquaintance would be more of the introvert side. Introverts strive just as well extravert by social contacts, friendships and things, but not to such an extent as others. So introverts avoid most crowded parties and events, but on the other hand like to spend a few quiet hours already with them familiar friends, as long as the group is not more than 4-6 people.
Extraversion
" Extraversion " (English " extraversion " ) is characterized by an outwardly facing attitude. Extravert characters perceive the exchange and action within social groups than stimulating.
Typical properties are extrovert talkative, determined, active, energetic, dominant, enthusiastic and adventurous.
Terms
The terms were introduced by CG Jung in personality psychology. Introversion referred in analytical psychology, the turning of psychic energy inward, that is, away from the outside world. In boys typology of personalities vs. introversion is. Extraversion is the dominant factor, that is the most important in his view.
Developments
In Myers -Briggs Type Indicator and David Keirseys publications introversion and extraversion, citing guys definitions are used as bipolar, ie two-part dimension, in which every person is either on the introverted or extraverted the page.
In Eysenck's 3- types model ( PEN model) introversion and extraversion form the poles of a continuum, which is one of the three broad personality categories. Accordingly, determines the individual excitation threshold of the ARAS, how much stimulus input is perceived as pleasant. The associated trait inference he takes over from the classic temperament model. Introversion is associated with the melancholic and phlegmatic area, with trait inference as reserved, unsociable, rather quiet and passive, carefully, slowly, peacefully ( phlegmatic ). Empirical evidence Eysenck also suggests to consider introverted people as easily be conditioned that to external stimuli have only small reactive inhibitions, ie are easily excited by weak stimuli.
The scale of extraversion and introversion is also a core component of the so-called five-factor model to Costa and McCrae, which is a standard tool for the description of personality characteristics today.
According to the models, understand introversion and extraversion as a continuous scale, there is a central area of extraverted or introverted people is not unique. The phenomenon described by this central region is sometimes referred to as Ambiversion. The one hand, people are considered ambivertiert with moderate slope, on the other hand, people with strong introverted and extroverted changeable inclination. For the latter group, a correlation for the personality trait neuroticism was described.