Facade

The façade (from French: façade, over Italian: facciata, Original Art from Latin: . Facies: face ) is a framed, often representative of the visible shell or outer skin of a building.

Term

In the history of architecture, the term refers to the main page or face side of a building. That was usually the side that was facing the public space ( street, square ). The other sides of the building were often performed simple. In churches, for example, was generally the west facade, called in England also screen facade, designed the most elaborate. Especially in free-standing buildings, however, multiple, or all sides of the building as designed facade could be performed (eg, La Rotonda ). A distinction is usually according to directions. The different parts of a facade, such as window or blend columns are referred to as facade elements.

Today, the term is also used for facade less representative and elaborate building elevations. It does not refer necessarily to a particular view, but the essential principle of the building envelope. The term refers to the design ( eg perforated facade), function (eg, glare facade ), the material (eg glass facade) and the design (eg curtain wall ).

The term is often used synonymously with outer wall. However, there is tendency for differences. When speaking of the facade, so it comes to the view as the essential principle of the building envelope. The term is used in architecture, the focus is often on the aesthetics, the perspective is that of the viewer. The term outer wall on the other hand refers to the functional component, which separates the outside from the interior space. Outer wall is a more technical term, and often implies a poorer lovely design.

Typology

The following are different concepts and types of facades are alphabetically listed and briefly explained in each case.

Shaping

  • The hole is called a facade created a solid construction wall with single, well-defined window and door openings.
  • As lamella facade is called a facade, with the slats are an important design factor.

Function

  • Blend facade: Sometimes the facade can also be called as a blend facade the structure of the building's interior cover up ( famous example: Rome, St. Peter ). Were blind walls and are particularly criticized by representatives of modernity over again. Frequently the term is also used interchangeably with facade " Blend facade" to denounce stage set and mask character of architecture.
  • Media facades integrate alterable media in the architecture of facades. For example, LEDs ( eg at the UNIQA Tower in Vienna or at the Bayer tower in Leverkusen), lamps (eg at the Park Colonnade in Berlin and at the Kunsthaus Graz) or screens (Times Square, New York) changing patterns or film clips are recorded. The facades are therefore no longer static but dynamic - sometimes even interactive.

Material

  • The glass facade is called facades, where glass building material predominantly used is. There are various types of construction, see also glass holder.
  • As wood facade is called facade systems that are made of profiles and sheets of solid wood or materials with raw material proportions of wood.
  • As a natural stone facades is called facade systems consisting of massive natural stone (DIN 1053), Brickwork (DIN 1053) or cladding panels (DIN 18516-3 ) exist.
  • Metal facades made ​​of galvanized steel according to DIN 18516-1 are unique in that both the clothing elements and the sub-construction and hot dip galvanized fasteners ( stückverzinkt ) may be performed.
  • Plaster facade

Construction

The design of this component is a complex object construction technology. There are a number of types of construction.

  • A post -and-beam façade is a glass facade, where the glass panes are fixed linearly between vertical mullions and horizontal transoms. Here come the retaining strips of mullions and transoms to days out.
  • In structural glazing, the glass sheets are glued or held by clamping profiles between the individual disks or individual points. The joints between the individual panes are sealed with a permanently elastic sealant. The pressure and cover strips dispensed with, so that the impression of a hold- all-glass facade is generated.
  • Ventilated exterior wall cladding in accordance with DIN 18516 are also referred to alsVorgehängte ventilated facades, abbreviated VHF. They consist of the actual cladding (weather protection ) and the design arranged separated by a ventilated air gap insulation. Requirement is a weight-bearing base material.
  • Curtain walls ( engl. Curtain wall ) according to DIN EN 13119th They consist of large-scale, anchored in the structure elements and perform all the functions of a space-enclosing outer wall. The façade bears no static loads other than their own weight. The loads are about the construction of the building. The curtain wall is usually used in combination with a skeleton. This design requires a CE mark.
  • A thermal insulation composite facade is a facade system for the external insulation of building external walls. This insulating material is attached to the outer wall provided with a reinforcing layer and finally plastered and possibly painted.

The biggest test Europe's facade stands on a part of the University of Lucerne School since 2008. The 2.5 meter deep test chamber with an 8 × 12 m² opening used to check the air permeability, water tightness and resistance to wind load.

Architecture

The facade is an important theme of the architecture. From Vitruvius to the contemporary architects the design of the facade plays a prominent importance. With the modern movement in architecture has also been attempted, the facade to take the character of the " separation ends " or " mask-like " between outside and inside. Different architects designed the stronger the interior and the facade barely. These include individual Bauhaus architects and especially Hans Scharoun (1893-1972), who tried to make the facade as pure expression of the heart. Jean Nouvel succeeded in 1987 with the Institut du Monde Arabe, a milestone of contemporary facade architecture. Currently, especially the architects Herzog & de Meuron are internationally renowned for their intense discussion of the topic facade. The gallery shows some outstanding examples of modern facades.

Hort tiles, Egon Eiermann

Photo Concrete Facade of the Library of the University of Applied Sciences Eberswalde, Herzog & de Meuron

The Rhine Tower, Dusseldorf, Frank Gehry

Media facade at the Kunsthaus Graz

Facade of glass blocks (Hermes gates, Tokyo)

Non- orthogonal glass facade

Alucobond aluminum composite facade spectra Cupral

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