Firman
A Ferman ( synonymously Firman ) is a decree, a decree, a power of attorney or a regulation of a sovereign in Islamic countries. The certificate is signed by him or one of his ministers so appointed. The term has its origin in the Persian Farman ( فرمان ) and means something like " command ", " Regulation " or " order".
Firmans there were frequent in the Ottoman Empire in the Indian Mughal Empire and Iran under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The Turkish word Ferman has been adopted into German. Also on licenses or passports, the term is applied.