Flight
Fly is generally the movement of a body through the air, by gas or by vacuum. In particular, there are different forms:
- The movement of a living being or of an aircraft through the air. It is described in physics by the laws of aerodynamics.
- The movement of a body, which is filled with a gas of lower density than the surrounding air ( Archimedes' principle ), for example a balloon.
- Locomotion by recoil (rocket).
- Movement along a ballistic trajectory ( ball, projectile )
- The movement in space, satellite, meteorite
- 2.1 The flight of large birds
- 2.2 The flight of small birds
- 2.3 swarm
- 2.4 Technical replica
Flight of aircraft ( heavier than air)
History
Flies can " like birds " since time immemorial been a dream of mankind. Thus, from the ancient Greek mythology, the Daedalus and Icarus myth of narrated that moved by means of self-made wings like birds through the air. Even in this ancient legend is technical ignorance and wanton neglect of safety precautions as human risk when flying theme ( Icarus disregarded that the wings made by his father Daedalus means of wax and feathers melt as it approaches the sun, and had a fatal accident ).
In reality, there initially was only possible people without knowledge of the physical basis of the aerodynamic flight to move with manned kites in the air or with most imaginatively built apparatus to arrive at most by chance in a short-term boost phase without use this longer time flying to can ( see Albrecht Ludwig Berblinger ). According to a chronicle of the Islamic scholar Ibn Abbas Firnas has one ( with vulture feathered ) became the first man hang glider designed and made a test flight in the year 875. However, he is said to have broken both legs in the rapid landing as a result of a stall.
Although the biological role models, birds, bats and insects for millions of years beating their wings move ( flapping flight ), the man took a long time to fully unravel the mechanisms of wing beat and technically able to implement. Only in the year 2011, this has been possible with the Smart Bird. The application and documentation of empirical- scientific methods (Leonardo da Vinci, George Cayley ) brought meaningful conclusions and suggestions for empirical research into flight for the first time. However, this scientific empiricism led until the 19th century to successful tests with flight-capable devices, which - at first glide - were capable of supporting the weight of a man ( Otto Lilienthal, see George Cayley and Ludwig Albrecht Berblinger ).
Traveling long routes with a controllable airplane was achieved only with the use of motorized fixed-wing aircraft in the early 20th century. The Wright brothers designed their successful powered flight the technical foundation for a rapid development in aviation history that continues to this day. Only the findings of the development of modern motorized aircraft have the construction of functioning human powered aircraft possible. The helicopter ride is subject to the same aerodynamic principles as the plane flight, although the vertical movement is effected by rotating airfoils ( rotors ).
Physical Basics
The function of the support surface is the generation of dynamic lift. This is done by controlling the air flow by means of a suitable shape and position of the sash to the flow. With increasing speed results on the wing surface due to the greater flow rate through the Bernoulli effect, a negative pressure. If this negative pressure corresponding buoyancy force is as large as the weight of the aircraft, it can keep flying in the air.
The magnitude of the buoyant force depends on the velocity, angle of attack and wing geometry. While the speed changes with the driving performance and by changing the flight altitude, the pitch angle can be changed using the elevator. Even the wing geometry is variable during the flight, for example by means of the flaps. The forward movement ( with the exception of sailing and gliders ) maintained with engine performance. Part this is done with the help of aircraft engines that drive one or more propellers, partly by means of jet engines, sometimes in combination ( turboprop engines ).
Maneuvers are effects on the flight by the pilot. These include climbing and descending, as opposed to travel or horizontal flight.
Bird flight
The flight of a bird is subject to the same laws as the lift a wing airplane. The kinetic mechanism of action, however, consists of a complex movement of the wings. Buoyancy is significantly effected by the wing shape, propulsion by up-and the wings. Similar to a plane with propeller whose blades ultimately represent vertical wings, the time required for the propulsion vertical air flow is generated by the fact that the so-called hand areas are turned at the wing tips off the tee with the front edge forward and downward, on impact shows the leading edge of the arm's reach to the top. The forward motion can also be effected without flapping its wings, the bird uses its own weight ( potential energy of the initial height ) as a thrust in gliding. An attempt to determine the efficiency of various bird species on the basis of the ratio of the length of the primaries to the total wing length, is the hand wing index.
It is interesting that the wing beat frequency of migratory birds during migration leading over long distances, such as over the Sahara, is not the same as in the short-haul flying in their respective target region. The " everyday flying" is their wing beat frequency higher because they want to move as quickly as possible. During the migration season they share their forces a better since lower wing beat frequency means less energy consumption. This has led, among ornithologists for some time to confusion when trying to determine with radar flying birds on the bird migration based on the flapping frequency.
The flight of large birds
The energy - and power-saving sliding and gliding can be observed especially for large birds. Your flight was long regarded as a great ( undiscovered ) secret. There are a number of natural causes that make the drive on a glider expendable: updrafts on mountain slopes, heated and therefore rising air masses ( thermal) or the gustiness of the wind (dynamic soaring ). Griffin birds to prey on their flights within their vast hunting ground long distances, sometimes more than one hundred kilometers per day. The albatross with spans of up to 3.5 meters is able to stay in the sea breeze for hours almost motionless in the air. Some birds also dominate the Rüttelflug, in which they keep flying on the spot.
The flight of small birds
Small birds can usually move both in sailing and in the steering flight. The very small hummingbird dominates one of the few birds beyond the Schwirrflug, but he is flying at a very high frequency of up to 80 wing beats per second. This technique allows to also fly backwards or sideways or to stand in the air, similar to insects.
Swarm
The formation of swarm and V formation in flight birds reduce the energy consumption by - diagonally behind it - flying birds following in the upward zone of the " boundary vortex " of the Flying advance. For large birds synchronization of the flapping in V formation could be beneficial beyond yet.
Technical replica
A Robotermöwe the completely reconstructs the flight of birds over an active articulated torsional drive unit, distinguishing it from simple mechanical flapping wing constructions, introduced in 2011 for the first time the manufacturer Festo Automation at Hannover Messe. Phaistos SmartBird can start itself and land and generates its lift as feed their wings.
Insect flight
Insects use several techniques to fly. Depending on the size of the insect and its airspeed, the air for the insect is different " tough ". Especially small insects therefore "float" in the air for them due to their size and airspeed similar tough acts like water. Their wings are therefore not aerodynamically shaped, but are more like a rapidly rotating " paddle ".
Flight of plant seeds
The Seed of the so-called Wind flyers are equipped with devices for passive flying.